枸杞中总黄酮的分析方法及提取工艺研究

以乙醇为溶剂,采用回流提取法提取宁夏枸杞中的总黄酮。通过正交试验,对影响提取效果的主要因素包括提取温度、提取时间、乙醇浓度和固液比进行优化。通过试验研究发现最优提取条件为:提取温度70℃,提取时间2.0h,乙醇浓度70%,固液比为1:20。此法为枸杞中黄酮类化合物的提取提供了参考。     

低聚木糖的制备及其对益生菌体外增殖的作用

针对玉米芯微波消解-内切木聚糖酶水解制备低聚木糖的工艺,以低聚木糖的得率为主体评价指标,通过单因素实验时影响低聚木糖得率的微波消解过程和内切木聚糖酶水解过程的因素与水平进行研究,并考察获得的低聚木糖对益生菌的体外增殖作用.结果表明:玉米芯酶法制备低聚木糖的最佳工艺条件为微波处理压力1.6 MPa,微波处理时间5 min,内切木聚糖酶用量140 U·g-1,酶解时间6 h;在最适条件下,玉米芯酶解液中低聚木糖的得率为82.5%,质量浓度为11.02 g·L-1;低聚木糖对益生菌的体外增殖实验表明,低聚木糖添加量在0.2%和0.4%时,分别可以对乳酸杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌起到最好的增殖作用,分别达到311%和183%,添加量进一步提高反而会抑制这2种菌的生长.     

微波消解-FAAS测定番木瓜不同部位的金属元素含量

为探讨番木瓜果肉、果皮、瓜籽中金属元素的含量,采用微波消解-FAAS法测定了番木瓜3个部位的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Zn共7种金属元素的含量,并对微波消解条件进行了优化。结果显示,在优化的微波消解条件下,样品消解完全、速度快、效果好,FAAS测定的各金属元素质量浓度与吸光度均呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.995 7～0.999 9,检出限为0.002～0.131,回收率为98.30%～101.67%,RSD为0.20%～4.12%(n=6),说明测定方法可靠,结果稳定;番木瓜3个部位均含有较高的K、Ca、Mg,但Cu、Fe、Zn含量均较低,与番木瓜果肉相比,番木瓜果皮和瓜籽中K、Mg、Cu、Zn、Fe含量较高,食品和药品开发优势更突出。     

Sulfur content of plant material: A comparison of methods of oxidation prior to determination

Abstract

Procedures for S determination involving digestion of plant material with HNO₃/HClO₄ mixtures gave lower values than those using oxygen flask combustion. Tests on a range of S compounds showed that the HNO₃/HClO₄ procedure underestimated S present in methionine, cysteine and glutathione but S in sulfate and the glucosinolate, sinigrin, was not underestimated.

Low recoveries using HNO₃/HClO₄ digestion procedures can be due both to incomplete oxidation of certain compounds and to gaseous losses during the vigorous boiling stage of digestion.     

马肠道微生物组成及影响因素的研究进展

马肠道微生物群对其营养消化及维持机体健康具有重要作用,肠道不同部位的微生物具有不同功能,易受到各种因素的影响。马肠道正常微生物群结构遭到破坏,可导致肠道微生物失衡和机体功能紊乱,进而引起多种疾病。介绍了马肠道不同部位的微生物群结构组成特征,阐述了影响马肠道微生物群变化的各类因素,以期为改善马肠道营养健康、开发马健康监测和疾病预防工具提供科学依据,也为马肠道微生物研究提供新的视角。     

4种豆科牧草种子对绵羊消化道作用的反应

以4种野生豆科牧草苦豆子(Sophora alopecuroide)、线叶野豌豆(Vicia tenuifolia)、光果甘草(Glycyrrhizae glabrae)、罗马苜蓿(Medicago romanica)种子为研究对象,测定各种子在绵羊消化道作用前后的形态、生物学特性变化以及在绵羊消化道内的运移和排放规律。结果表明,4种种子排放过程均符合高斯模型,且苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草排放峰值均出现在饲喂后24~36h,罗马苜蓿种子排放峰值则出现在18~30h。苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草和罗马苜蓿种子总回收率分别为14.513%、4.463%、10.811%、4.608%,在绵羊消化道内的平均滞留时间分别为36.3、29.6、31.2和31.9h。除苦豆子外,其它3种植物种子在经过消化道后单粒重显著降低(P0.05),4种种子消化后的形状指数较经过消化道前显著减小。经过绵羊消化道后种皮颜色加深,纹理模糊,出现褶皱及明显侵蚀斑。与经过消化道前比较,4种植物种子经过消化道后的发芽率均有显著提高,其中发芽率提高效果最明显的时间段在消化24~48h后。消化道作用可有效打破苦豆子、线叶野豌豆、光果甘草、罗马苜蓿种子的硬实,4种植物种子均可通过绵羊消化道传播。     

Effects of amino nitrogen on fermentation parameters by mixed ruminal microbes when energy or nitrogen is limited

Ruminal microbes harvested from a ruminally fistulated cow were incubated in simple batch and semicontinuous cultures with NH₃‐N or amino‐N on nitrogen‐ or energy‐excess diets in quantity (HN and LN diets, respectively, consisting of timothy hay plus soybean meal, or corn grain), based on evaluation with the National Research Council and Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System models. In a batch culture experiment, supplementation with amino‐N promoted digestion and fermentation in the course of incubation (4–24 h) on both diets, but these effects mostly disappeared when the diets were sufficiently digested (at 48 h). In a semicontinuous culture experiment using Rusitec, no effect of amino‐N was exhibited after sufficient fermentation and digestion, but significant promotion of digestion was shown in the course of incubation on the HN diet, while no such effect was detected on the LN diet. The microbial yield for 24 h did not show a significant difference between the N sources of either of the two diets. These results suggest that the stimulatory effects of amino‐N are diminished when the diets are sufficiently digested after a long retention and incubation, and also that the effectiveness of amino‐N does not require a quantitatively energy‐excess status.     

Validation and application of real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for representative rumen bacteria

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for 11 representative rumen bacterial species were validated. The sensitivity was tested by using the serially diluted target 16S rDNA from respective bacterial species. The recovery of the target DNA and the assay reproducibility were determined using DNA from rumen fluid spiked with different quantities of the target. Minimum detection levels for the target were 10–100 copies in pure culture. The recovery of the added target ranged from 82.4 to 116.6%. The intra‐ and inter‐assay variations of each assay were <9.4 and <12.6%, respectively. Therefore, the real‐time PCR assays evaluated in the present study are considered to be sufficiently reliable for monitoring all 11 bacterial species in the rumen. The assays were then applied to the monitoring of the bacterial species attached to ruminally incubated rice straw. Among the monitored fibrolytic species, Fibrobacter succinogenes was found to be the most dominant, accounting for 2.61% of total bacteria after 24 h incubation. Selenomonas ruminantium and Streptococcus bovis, non‐fibrolytics, were detected on the rice straw at 8.96% and 1.16% of total bacteria, respectively. Such high levels of non‐fibrolytics on the plant fiber suggest a synergistic relationship between fibrolytics and non‐fibrolytics.     

Cellulase Supplementation Does Not Improve the Digestibility of a High-Forage Diet in Horses

Six mature Arabian geldings were used in a two-period crossover study to investigate the effects of cellulase supplementation on fiber digestion. Horses were randomly assigned to either a control (CO; n = 3) or a cellulase (CE; n = 3) treatment for the first period and then treatments were switched for period 2. Each period consisted of a 10-day diet adaptation followed by a 3-day total fecal collection. The enzyme mixture contained 40,000 cellulase units/g and was fed at a rate of 3 g/day split evenly between two feedings. During the diet adaptation period, horses had ad libitum access to timothy hay and were also fed 165 g whole oats as a carrier for the supplement. When eating the CO treatment, horses consumed 16% more hay than when on the CE treatment (P = .004). Fecal output also tended to be greater when horses consumed the CO treatment as compared with CE treatment (P = .07). No differences were found between treatments for fecal percent dry matter (DM%), fecal neutral detergent fiber (NDF), fecal acid detergent fiber (ADF), fecal nitrogen (N), or fecal gross energy (GE). There was a trend for horses consuming the CO treatment to digest more NDF than when consuming the CE treatment (34.6% ± 1.5 vs 31% ± 1.5; P = .07). Horses also digested a greater %ADF, %N, and Mcal of energy when consuming the CO treatment than when consuming the CE treatment (P < .05). Cellulase addition to a hay-based horse diet decreased digestion of fiber components.     

3种不同精粗比日粮条件下空怀小尾寒羊母羊的消化与代谢

本试验选取18只体重约42 kg的空怀小尾寒羊母羊,按体重分为3组(n=6),分别喂给以玉米秸秆为粗饲料的精粗比为20∶80(日粮1)、30∶70(日粮2)和40∶60(日粮3)的日粮,以研究不同精粗比日粮对空怀小尾寒羊母羊消化代谢的影响。结果表明,3组羊只的有机物采食量分别为970.1±95.1、1137.3±144.8和1279.2±138.7 g/d.只;玉米秸秆的采食量分别为834.3±75.6、856.1±110.2和822.0±121.7 g/d.只;有机物表观消化率分别为52.53%±5.16%、55.73%±2.64%和59.68%±1.95%;粗蛋白质表观消化率分别为58.73%±7.60%、61.05%±2.61%和62.84%±2.33%;纤维素表观消化率分别为57.42%±6.04%、56.12%±1.06%和53.42%±3.83%;氮保留量分别为0.62±1.17、3.15±2.22和5.87±1.56 g/d.只;钙保留量分别为0.39±0.05、0.59±0.10和0.79±0.06 g/d.只;磷保留量分别为0.40±0.04、0.59±0.06和0.82±0.05 g/d.只;所获得的可消化能分别为9.40±1.37、12.31±2.05和15.09±1.83 M J/d.只;试验期体增重分别为-12.4±46.1、101.2±60.0和157.1±96.5 g/d.只。由此得出结论,在以玉米秸秆为粗饲料的条件下,当空怀小尾寒羊母羊日粮中的精料量为20%时,体重难以维持,并且氮保留率也低(3.29%);增加日粮中的精料量到30%或40%时,可提高日增重,并且使氮保留率达到13.82%或22.09%。增加日粮的精料比例可不同程度地提高有机物、能量、粗蛋白质和钙磷的表观消化率,但对纤维素类物质的消化有一定影响。增加动物的可消化能量供应可大幅度改善氮的利用率,也增加钙磷的保留量。提高日粮的精粗料比例,并不影响小尾寒羊对玉米秸秆的采食量。