Karyotype analysis of Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas) and Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell)

The karyotypes of both Oreochromis mortimeri (Trewavas) and Sarotherodon melanotheron (Rüppell) are shown to consist of 22 pairs of chromosomes (2n = 44). In O. mortimeri, the karyotype is composed of 9 sm/st and 13 t chromosomes. In the case of S. melanotheron, the karyotype is composed of 15 sm/st, 2 m and 5 t chromosomes. The karyotypes of these species are therefore similar to those of the majority of other tilapia species, with that of S. melanotheron being considerably different from that previously reported for this species.     

Effects of feeding rates on growth and production of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp polycultured in fertilized ponds

Abstract In an attempt to identify appropriate feeding rates for multispecies of fish raised in fertilized earthen ponds, the present work was conducted over a 19‐week experimental period to establish the growth performance, production and body composition of Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp fed 0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 3.0%, 5.0% biomass and to apparent satiation (treatments). Twelve ponds were stocked with a similar number and weight of each fish species. Two ponds were assigned to each of the treatments, and a 25% protein pelleted fish feed was used to feed fish at the specified rate of feeding. At the end of the experiment, growth, weight gain, survival, yield and body composition of fish groups were affected by the treatments. The economic effectiveness also varied among treatments. The most conspicuous attribute of the feeding rates was its lack of influence on growth (g day^?1), weight gain (g per fish), yield (kg ha^?1) or body composition of silver carp. The results of whole‐body proximate analysis indicated that various feeding rates had either an irregular pattern or no effects on the protein and ash gain per 100 g of fish body weight (bw) gain. The most notable exceptions were significant (P < 0.05) increases in body fat and gross energy gains in Nile tilapia, common carp and silver carp accompanied by decreases in percentages of moisture (but not in silver carp) as feeding rate increased. Among the six different feeding levels, feeding to apparent satiation (feed amount was equivalent to 2.67% of fish bw day^?1) appeared to be optimal, as it significantly (P < 0.05) supported the highest fish production, income and net profit compared with all other treatments except for the 3% feeding level, for which the differences in those measurements were comparable.     

巴氏杀菌加热中3种淡水鱼肌肉的变性研究

将鲤、鲢和罗非鱼肌肉在巴氏杀菌条件 ( 75℃和 80℃ )下加热 ,测定其Vp值、升温曲线的斜率 fh 值、失水率以及过氧化物酶活力的变化特点。结果表明 ,3种鱼中罗非鱼肌肉升温速度最快 ,鲤最慢 ;罗非鱼肌肉过氧化物酶完全失活所需的Vp值最高 ;随加热温度升高 ,鲢失水率增加最多 ,而罗非鱼变化最小。在巴氏杀菌条件下 ,不同鱼类肌肉失水率对加热温度、Vp值变化的敏感性存在较大差异。因此 ,在生产中应根据加热温度、Vp、失水率等参数合理制定各鱼种相应的巴氏杀菌工艺条件     

奥尼罗非鱼淀粉酶、脂肪酶的分布与特性

以奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus×O.aureus)为实验材料,研究其淀粉酶、脂肪酶分布与特性。结果表明,Ⅰ(体重55.14g)、Ⅱ(体重122.82g)、Ⅲ(体重225.68g)组实验鱼肠道淀粉酶、脂肪酶活性均表现出相似规律:活性从大到小依次为前肠、中肠、后肠。实验鱼体重从55g增至122g,肠道淀粉酶活性急剧上升,实验鱼体重从122g增至225g,酶活性增幅减缓。3组实验鱼肠道各肠段淀粉酶活性相对比值(前肠、中肠、后肠)分别为1:0.95:0.52、1:0.44:0.21和1:0.50:0.24;脂肪酶活性相对比值(前肠、中肠、后肠)分别为1:0.17:0.12、1:0.34:0.14和1:0.98:0.64。3组实验鱼淀粉酶活性相对比值(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)在全肠、肝胰脏中分别为1:8.25:18.94和1:3.43:9.31;3组实验鱼脂肪酶活性相对比值(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组)在全肠中为1:3.82:13.09。奥尼罗非鱼肠道、肝胰脏淀粉酶最适pH值分别为6.5～7 0和7.5;最适反应温度均为30℃;最适反应底物浓度均为0.8%。肠道脂肪酶最适pH值为7.0～7.5,最适反应温度为35℃。     

Effect of bovine colostrum intake on growth,reproductive parameters and survival in red kids

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of frozen Azawak colostrum supplementation on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), reproductive parameters (mean age at first parturition, fertility, fecundity, prolificacy) and mortality rate among red kids. The study was conducted at the goat farm secondary centre of Maradi in Niger from September 2010 to September 2011. The control animals (n = 20) were left with their mother, while the treatment animals (n = 20) received in addition 50 ml/animal/day of bovine colostrum at birth and 15 ml/animal/day from d2 to d15. Weight was measured weekly from birth to d365. Mortalities were also recorded over the same period. For reproductive parameters, observations began at weaning (d197). Growth rate was higher (p < 0.001) in supplemented animal, and the treatment effects on ADG were observed up to 150 day after the end of supplementation. A similar long‐lasting trend was also observed in relation to the mortality rate (25% for ColG vs. 55% for ConG; p = 0.05). The age at first kidding tended to be lower in the treated group (13.8 ± 0.7 vs. 14.1 ± 0.8 month; p < 0.1). In conclusion, mild bovine colostrum supplementation induces a long‐lasting positive impact on growth rate and to a lower extent on reproduction parameters and survival rate.     

钼对镉胁迫下山羊红细胞膜自由基代谢及脾脏组织病理学的影响

36只体质量约为20kg的山羊被随机分为4个组,每组9只,试验组灌服相同量的CdCl2和不同量的[（NH4）6Mo7·O24·4H2O],对照组灌服对应量去离子水。按每千克体质量计算,低钼组（0.5mg/kg（Cd）＋15mg/kg（Mo））、中钼组（0.5mg/kg（Cd）＋30mg/kg（Mo））、高钼组（0.5mg/kg（Cd）＋45mg/kg（Mo））,每组3个重复。于试验的第0、10、20、30、40、50天每组山羊采血,于试验的第0、25、50天每组山羊取脾脏和肝脏,测定相关指标。结果显示：（1）随着试验时间的延长,各试验组红细胞膜MDA含量呈上升趋势,GSH-Px、GST、SOD活性呈下降趋势;在第50天时,与对照组相比,各试验组红细胞膜MDA含量上升（P〈0.01）,GSH-Px、GST、SOD活性降低（P〈0.01）;（2）与对照组相比,高钼组脾脏的脾小体体积减小,可见散在的含铁血黄素沉积;（3）随着试验时间的延长,各试验组肝脏Bax基因表达量呈上升趋势;在第50天时,与对照组相比,低钼组和高钼组Bax表达量上升（P〈0.05）。结果表明,钼可导致镉胁迫下山羊红细胞膜自由基代谢紊乱,并能损害脾脏的免疫功能并且上调肝Bax基因的表达量,钼和镉体现为协同作用。     

青虾“红体病”组织病理学观察

用连续切片的方法对患有红体病的青虾进行组织病理学研究，结果表明患病青虾鳃部、肌肉组织和肝胰腺部位病症比较明显，不同患病阶段组织变形差异显著。鳃片细胞在患病初期表现为胞质收缩，后期则细胞膨胀破裂。细胞内物质外溢，细胞边缘界限不完整；肌肉组织在后期出现肌纤维束之间间隙，且部分肌纤维有断裂的现象；中期肝小叶间隔出现空隙和腺细胞变形，在后期则表现为小叶溃烂。造成青虾因红体病死亡的原因，初期主要是因为鳃片的组织病变导致呼吸困难，进而造成青虾生理异常；后期主要是因为肝胰脏的溃烂造成消化功能全面丧失。     

“红肉病”文蛤的组织病理学

利用组织学和组织化学方法,在光镜水平下研究了患“红肉病”文蛤(Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus)的组织病理学变化特征。结果显示,患病文蛤的病理学变化主要表现为组织结构紊乱,上皮膨大、脱落,鳃、外套膜、消化盲囊等组织发现异常结构及寄生物,如嗜碱性的包涵体、嗜酸性颗粒及寄生性原生动物等。另外,组织化学研究结果显示,病蛤在糖含量、磷酸酶活性等方面也有明显变化,表现为消化盲囊、肠等部位吸收细胞内糖含量增加。消化盲囊、消化管各处酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性减弱,碱性磷酸酶活性(AKP)增强。鳃组织ACP活性增强,AKP活性减弱等。     

Fatty acids in muscle of wild and farmed red porgy, Pagrus pagrus

The total fat content and the fatty acids of total lipids (TL), phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG) were analysed in white muscle from wild and reared red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (L.). The fat percentage was higher in reared (3.03 ± 0.57%) (mean ± SE) than wild (0.65 ± 0.03%) fish. The fatty acid pattern of reared porgy TL reflected the diet's lipid. Wild red porgy showed higher levels of ω3 and ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than reared, but both the atherogenic index and the index of thrombogenicity were very low for both wild and reared red porgy. The lipid fractions showed that the PL were composed of very high levels of PUFA, especially 22:6ω3, and their composition seemed to be better regulated than the composition of TAG. TAG showed greater differences between wild and reared fish, presumably because they reflected the dietary content of lipids. PUFA were the principal component of wild red porgy TAG.