乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留及消解动态

开展了 60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂在杨梅上的残留田间试验,对乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的残留量及消解动态进行了分析,为乙基多杀菌素在杨梅上的膳食风险评估、合理使用及制定残留限量标准提供依据。建立了液相色谱串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定杨梅中乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物的残留量的分析方法。当乙基多杀菌素及其代谢物在杨梅中的添加浓度为0.05、1.0, 2.0mg/kg时,平均回收率82.6%-96.6%,相对标准偏差为3.3%-7.4%,符合残留检测方法的要求。消解动态试验结果显示,乙基多杀菌素在杨梅中的消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为0.9~2.6d,属易降解农药。最终残留试验表明60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂按有效成分40和60mg/kg,施药1次和2次,末次施药后1、2、3、5、7d,杨梅中乙基多杀菌素最终残留量分别为<0.05 ~0.38mg/kg、<0.05 ~ 0.39mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.32mg/kg、< 0.05 ~ 0.19mg/kg、< 0.05 -0.11 mg/kg0 建议在杨梅上使用60g/L乙基多杀菌素悬浮剂时,有效成分用药量40mg/kg,施药1次,安全间隔期7d。     

覆盖和草篱对红壤坡耕地花生生长和土壤特性的影响

开展了稻草覆盖和香根草篱控制红壤旱坡地水土流失的长期定位试验,研究了香根草篱、稻草覆盖、香根草篱+稻草覆盖3种类型的水土保持耕作措施和常规耕作对红壤旱坡地土壤物理学、化学、生物学特性和花生生长、产量的影响。结果表明,香根草篱+稻草覆盖和稻草覆盖措施实施5 a后仍能促进花生花荚期茎、叶、根、果生长发育,与常规耕作相比,花生增产明显,增产量为460.65~761.11 kg/hm2,增产率为6.19%~20.32%;香根草篱措施虽然没有明显地促进花生生长和产量,但其减流减蚀效果显著,综合效益仍优于常规耕作。稻草覆盖和香根草篱及其组合措施建立5 a后,与常规耕作相比,3种类型的水土保持耕作措施土壤化学性状均有不同程度的提高,并以香根草篱+稻草覆盖措施的提高效果最明显;香根草篱+稻草覆盖措施下土壤小于2μm的微团聚体含量和土壤主要微生物类群总量明显高于常规耕作,改善了土壤物理结构,提高了土壤微生物活性。表明稻草覆盖和香根草篱等水土保持耕作措施是适合红壤旱坡地农业可持续发展的有效模式,其中香根草篱+稻草覆盖组合模式在土壤质量改善和作物增产效果方面尤为突出。     

基于光谱红边位置提取算法的番茄叶片叶绿素含量估测

为了快速、准确估测番茄叶片叶绿素含量,分析了不同营养水平下的番茄叶片光谱红边参数变化规律,发现红边位置最能表征番茄叶绿素状况,统计分析了6种算法提取的光谱红边位置的差异性,并为每种算法分别建立了5种估测模型,验证结果表明每种红边位置提取算法所对应的最佳模型为线性四点内插法的指数曲线模型和其他红边位置算法的对数曲线模型。其中线性外推法模型精度最高,校正集决定系数R2c为0.618 6,验证集决定系数R2v达到0.771 1,验证集均方根误差RMSEv为8.359 6,可以有效诊断番茄叶绿素含量。线性四点内插法根据670、700、740、780 nm 4个波段的叶片反射率计算红边位置,运算简单,模型精度较高,R2c为0.621 7,R2v达到0.766 6,RMSEv为8.568 2,可以作为开发番茄叶绿素含量监测仪器的依据。     

成熟黄瓜果皮红色性状的遗传分析及其基因定位

 以黄瓜（Cucumis sativus L.）成熟瓜红色果皮自交系‘NCG127’（P₁）和成熟瓜黄色果皮自交系‘9930’（P₂）为试验材料构建F₂遗传群体,对成熟瓜红色果皮R基因进行遗传分析和基因定位研究。结果表明,黄瓜成熟瓜红色果皮性状由显性单基因控制,红色对黄色为显性。以256株F₂分离群体为试材,应用群体分离分析（BSA）法筛选得到与R基因连锁的20个多态性SSR标记,构建了R基因的分子标记连锁图谱,将R基因定位到黄瓜4号染色体上,物理距离为213.4 kb的区段内,两侧翼标记为UW019319和UW019203,与R遗传距离分别为0.8 cM和0.7 cM。生物信息学分析表明,该区段存在30个预测候选基因。     

10个茄子自交系果皮红色素的配合力遗传分析

以10个茄子自交系为亲本,按Griffing完全双列杂交方法Ⅱ配制组合,对茄子果皮红色素的配合力和遗传参数进行分析。结果表明,茄子果皮红色素受基因加性效应和非加性效应共同控制;茄子果皮红色素的一般配合力在各亲本间、特殊配合力在各组合间均存在显著差异;茄子果皮红色素是由显性基因起主要作用,性状受环境影响大,其狭义遗传力比较低,不利于早代选择。     

两种施肥处理对红富士苹果香气成分的影响

用顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱质谱联用技术对2种不同施肥处理的洛川红富士苹果的香气成分进行了分析,共鉴定出了35种化学成分,其中酯类20种,主要有乙酸2-甲基丁酯、乙酸丁酯、2-甲基丁醇、乙酸己酯等;醇类6种,主要有1-丁醇和1-已醇等;醛类4种,主要包括正己醛和2-已烯醛。结果表明:分期施肥处理的苹果香气成分的含量和丰富度明显高于一次性施肥处理的苹果。     

红梨新品种‘红月梨’

 ‘红月梨’是由‘红茄梨’和‘苹果梨’杂交育成。果实圆锥形,平均单果质量245 g。表面红色,果皮薄。果肉白色,后熟后肉质细腻多汁,风味酸甜,微香,石细胞少,含可溶性固形物14.4%,总糖10.33%,可滴定酸0.34%,维生素C 0.0248 mg · g-1,品质优。在辽宁熊岳地区9月上旬成熟,早产,早丰,优质,易栽培管理,抗病,抗寒。     

Demography of Abutilon theoprasti and Setaria faberi in three crop rotation systems

Field experiments were conducted to characterize the demography of Abutilon theophrasti and Setaria faberi in a conventionally managed 2‐year (maize/soya bean) rotation, and in 3‐year (maize/soya bean/triticale + red clover) and 4‐year (maize/soya bean/triticale + lucerne/lucerne) rotations managed with 72% and 79% lower herbicide inputs respectively. Rates of weed seedling recruitment, seedling survival and adult plant fecundity were determined for populations in each phase of each rotation and used to calculate annual rates of weed population change, Δ. In both years of the study, Δ for A. theophrasti populations declined or remained stable in all three rotation systems. Despite greater rates of seedling survival and fecundity in maize and soya bean in the 3‐ and 4‐year rotations, increases in Δ for A. theophrasti populations were prevented in these systems because of low fecundity in triticale and low seedling survival and fecundity in lucerne. For Setaria faberi populations, Δ remained stable in the 2‐year rotation, increased in the 3‐year rotation in both years, and increased in the 4‐year rotation in 1 year. The results of this study indicate that when herbicide use is reduced, rotations that include triticale and lucerne can facilitate the suppression of A. theophrasti. Rotations that include lucerne can contribute to restraining S. faberi population growth, given adequate levels of seedling mortality in this crop.     

Effects of pheromone loading, dispenser age, and trap height on pheromone trap catches of the oriental fruit moth in apple orchards

The effects of field aging (0–28 days) and pheromone loading rate on the longevity of red rubber septa loaded with the sex pheromone blend of the oriental fruit mothGrapholita molesta (Busck), were evaluated in North Carolina apple orchards in 2002. Separate field tests examined the influence of trap height and pheromone loading rate of rubber septa on trap catches of adultG. molesta males in an abandoned orchard. The loss of the major pheromone component, (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (Z8–12:OAc), from red rubber septa over a 4-week period exhibited a relatively constant release rate with 30, 100 and 300 μg pheromone. Trap catch was significantly higher in pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy than in those in the lower canopy. Pheromone traps baited with 100μg lures caught more moths compared with those loaded with 300 μg. There was no apparent relationship between pheromone trap catch and septa age, with trap catch appearing to be primarily a function ofG. molesta population density. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting May 14, 2006.     

Susceptibility to imazamox in Italian weedy rice populations and Clearfield® rice varieties

The introduction of imidazolinone‐tolerant rice varieties has made selective Oryza sativa (weedy rice) control possible. We hypothesised that Italian weedy rice populations have variable degrees of susceptibility to imazamox prior to imidazolinone‐tolerant variety introduction. To this end, 149 Italian weedy rice populations collected from fields never before cultivated with imidazolinone‐tolerant varieties were tested in a glasshouse‐based, whole‐plant response screening study. Imazamox was applied to all populations post‐emergence at a rate of 70 g a.i. ha^?1, resulting in 70–90% shoot biomass reduction in the majority of cases. The results prompted a second study of the seedling dose response of four weedy rice populations from the initial study group. Three imidazolinone‐tolerant and one conventional rice variety were also included. The seedling roots were cut six days after germination and exposed to different concentrations of imazamox. The root regrowth associated with each concentration‐exposure was then measured. Imazamox concentrations to inhibit weedy rice root growth by 50% varied by about two orders of magnitude, or between 0.0018 and 0.12 mm . Even with this result, imidazolinone‐tolerant varieties were at least 31.8 times less susceptible than weedy rice populations, suggesting that Italian weedy rice populations were not tolerant to imazamox before introduction of these varieties.