乌鲁木齐市两污水厂处理工艺及出水水质比较

对乌鲁木齐市两家污水处理厂的工艺进行比较,分析这两厂出水水质的基本理化性质和重金属的形态。结果表明:甲厂采用不完全的"AB法工艺",对SS、COD Cr和BOD5有较强的处理效果,而总磷和氨氮去除效果不明显。其中,SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮的去除率分别为43%,66%,74%,44%,48%。乙厂采用氧化沟工艺,对进水中的SS、COD Cr、BOD5、总磷和氨氮均有良好的去除效果,相应的去除率依次为81%,94%,96%,96%,88%。两厂出水中Cd含量虽未超标,但均以水溶态为主,两厂的工艺对Cd无去除效果。甲厂的出水水中Pb含量低于进水中Pb含量,但乙厂进水和出水中Pb含量无显著差异,均以水溶态为主。两厂出水中Zn含量下降,Cu含量无显著变化。     

贵州地方辣椒品种品质分析及利用评价

对贵州省主要地方品种、部分选育品种和引进品种的干物质、粗纤维、维生素C、脂肪、辣椒素、辣椒红色素、灰分、盐酸不溶性灰分等进行分析,8个指标范围分别是:干物质18.18%~25.12%,粗纤维15.3%~24.3%,维生素C 0.774~2.248 mg·g-1,脂肪11.45%~16.71%,辣椒素0.097%~0.812%,辣椒红色素0.137%~0.516%,灰分4.03%~5.4%,盐酸不溶性灰分0.173%~0.526%。鉴定筛选出了多个高维生素C、高脂肪、高辣椒素含量的优质品种,一部分可在生产上直接利用,一部分可作品质育种材料。     

台湾东风螺和方斑东风螺蛋白质氨基酸组成和营养价值比较研究

测定了野生台湾东风螺、方斑东风螺及养殖东风螺肌肉干物质的氨基酸含量。结果显示东风螺肌肉蛋白质含有较丰富的必需氨基酸。干物质中水解氨基酸总量从61·14%到64·68%,总必需氨基酸含量从27·73%到29·41%,占氨基酸总量的45·35%到47·55%;呈味氨基酸含量从23·68%到26·50%,平均值为24·77%,占氨基酸总量的42·56%。台湾东风螺和方斑东风螺的第一限制氨基酸均为苏氨酸。野生台湾东风螺氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸含量、总鲜味氨基酸及氨基酸分(64·68%,29·41%,26·50%和49·56)均高于方斑东风螺(60·14%,26·73%,24·87%和41·46),认为台湾东风螺比方斑东风螺更为优良和美味,应该加大开发其利用价值。     

莱州湾渔业水域生态环境质量分析与综合评价研究

应用多项指数综合评价公式、生物多样性指数综合评价公式和主成分分析方法对莱州湾2002年5月和8月生态环境质量进行了综合评价。结果表明,水质环境和生物环境处于良好水平;表层沉积环境处于污染水平,有的站达到严重污染水平,其中重金属镉的贡献率最大。     

收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响

研究5种收割强度对粉绿狐尾藻生长和水质的影响,为沉水植物调控管理提供参考。设不收割组作为对照组,收割组收割强度分别为株高的15%、30%、45%、60%和75%。将收割的植物称量干重和鲜重,统计株高、分枝数,测定新生枝条的恢复长度。每次收割前1 d对所有处理组的水样进行水质测定。结果表明:(1)收割对粉绿狐尾藻枝条生长恢复和株高影响显著(P<0.01)。对照组最终株高最高,达到187.0 cm,并在水面形成冠层。第1次收割后20 d,低强度(15%和30%)收割组恢复或超过收割前水平,中强度(45%)收割组枝条全部恢复,但高强度(60%和75%)收割组的恢复率明显低于低、中强度收割组,恢复率分别为80.68%和62.00%。第2次收割后20 d,15%和30%收割组的粉绿狐尾藻全部恢复,45%收割组的恢复率为91.44%,高强度收割组的恢复率明显降低,恢复率分别为76.09%和42.22%,至实验结束时高强度收割组都未恢复。随着收割频次的增加,枝条恢复的时间延长。(2)收割减少了粉绿狐尾藻分枝数。对照组分枝数最高,达到6.9枝/株,15%~75%收割组分别为4.3、4.0、3.6、2.2和1.8枝/株。(3)收割显著降低了粉绿狐尾藻的生物量(P<0.01)。15%~75%收割组的生物量分别下降为对照组的10.11%、3.23%、2.47%、2.29%和0.80%。(4)粉绿狐尾藻收割对水质影响显著。收割后,水体中总氮、总磷浓度降低,且收割强度与收割次数对氮磷浓度影响显著(P<0.01)。与第1次收割相比,第2次收割后,15%收割组总氮、总磷浓度分别较前次下降13.63%和24.82%,30%收割组下降12.90%和22.87%,45%收割组下降8.24%和25.04%,高强度(60%和75%)收割组下降6.66%和34.91、9.64%和17.64%。收割强度会对水体中悬浮颗粒物(SS)和叶绿素(Chl-a)有影响,高强度收割使得水体中的SS和Chl-a含量明显升高。收割对控制粉绿狐尾藻生长效果明显,结合水质指标,以低强度收割2~3次为宜。     

湘华鲮肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

利用常规方法对湘华鲮(Sinilabeo decorus tungting)的肌肉营养成分进行了测定。结果表明:湘华鲮(鲜样)中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分和粗灰分的含量分别为20.03%、0.80%、77.43%和1.31%。肌肉中含有17种氨基酸,占肌肉总量的76.52%(干样),其中7种人体必需氨基酸占肌肉总量的36.22%,占氨基酸总量的47.30%。4种鲜味氨基酸占肌肉总量的25.97%(干样),另外还富含钙、铁、锌等矿物质,微量元素比值合理。结果表明湘华鲮有较高的食用与营养价值。     

纯氧充气对大菱鲆生长及水质指标的影响

主要研究了纯氧增氧技术对大菱鲆的生长及养殖水体中几项重要水质因子的影响。本实验中,实验池中的溶氧最低能维持在8.96±0.16mg/L,最高时可达到12.2±0.71mg/L。经过282d的培养,大菱鲆体重由30.43±0.42g达到1103.73±19.00g,日增重率平均为1.24±0.14%,整个实验期间大菱鲆均处于快速生长状态。至实验结束时,养殖密度最终达到33.99±0.59kg/m3。养殖水体中,pH变化范围在7.62～8.03之间,平均pH为7.76±0.05。COD变化范围在0.75～1.85mg/L,平均COD为1.04±0.16mg/L。亚硝酸盐浓度1.27～7.23μg/L之间,平均浓度在3.23±0.21μg/L。氨氮浓度一般维持在0.07～0.28mg/L,平均浓度为0.14±0.02mg/L。硝酸盐浓度在0.39～0.69mg/L之间,平均浓度为0.51±0.02mg/L。COD、pH、亚硝酸盐浓度很低,均在渔业水质标准所规定的范围以内。     

Field evaluation of live chilling with CO2 on stunning Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and the subsequent effect on quality

Atlantic salmon were slaughtered in three ways on a commercial slaughter line: (1) killed by a percussive stun after crowding; (2) killed by percussive stun after crowding, pumping and live chilling; (3) killed by exsanguination after crowding, pumping and live chilling. The live‐chilled fish were exposed to seawater (2°C) saturated with carbon dioxide (pH 5.5–5.7) for 40 min. The fish were calm after live chilling, but not unconscious, as eye rolling was observed in all individuals. Subsequent exsanguination of the unstunned fish resulted in death. Both rapid live chilling and the subsequent exsanguination appeared stressful to the fish, as a large and rapid pH drop coupled with earlier onset of rigor mortis, indicative of high muscle activity during the process were observed. The muscle core temperature during ice storage showed that live chilling only has an effect on carcass temperature during the first 6 h post mortem. After 6 h, no significant differences in temperature were detected between live‐chilled and traditionally ice‐chilled fish. We conclude that commercial use of live chilling in combination with high levels of CO₂ does not stun Atlantic salmon. Live chilling followed by exsanguination of the unstunned fish appears to be highly stressful and should be avoided.     

The effectiveness of a commercial microbial product in poorly prepared tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds

The efficacy of a commercial microbial product was tested in commercial tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (Fabricius), ponds for one culture period in Kuala Selangor, Malaysia. Four ponds with replicates for treatment and control were used. The pond bottom was dried but the organic sludge was not removed as normally practised in pond preparation. The ponds were stocked with 15 post‐larvae at the rate of 31.m^?2. Physical, chemical and biological parameters of the pond were analysed every 2 weeks during the culture period. Water quality parameters remained within the optimum range for shrimp culture except for ammonia‐nitrogen being significantly higher in control ponds and silica in treated ponds. Benthic organisms were not found in any of the ponds. The average counts of different bacteria were not significantly higher in treated ponds than control. Because of poor health, the shrimp were harvested earlier (72 days) than the usual 120 days. An average of 875.60 ± 67.00 kg shrimp ha^?1 was obtained in treated ponds with a feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.57 ± 0.10 and survival rate of 42.35 ± 5.37% compared with 719.50 ± 130.94 kg shrimp ha^?1, 2.99 ± 0.70 and 21.25 ± 3.26%, respectively, in control ponds. Neither the microbial product nor the frequent water exchange was effective in overcoming the problems caused by the poor pond bottom.     

鱼类精子质量评价研究进展

在鱼类人工繁育中,研究者主要关心的是卵子质量,长期以来对精子质量未引起足够重视.而精子质量同样会影响繁育效果的重要因素.鱼类精子质量的评价指标有多种,如精子活力、运动时间、密度、形态、受精率和生理功能等.其中最传统的评价指标是精子活力,其测定方便,能较准确地预测受精率.将精子运动时间和活力综合考虑可更好地反映精子的运动能力.而精子受精率则是精子质量的直接反映,但会受到卵质等因素的影响.质膜完整性、线粒体功能、染色质结构完整性等可体现精子的质量,但测定方法较繁琐.近年来,鱼类精子质量检测技术迅速发展,计算机辅助精子分析(CASA)、流式细胞术(FCM)分析、低渗肿胀(HOS)、单细胞凝胶单泳(SCGE)等技术的建立,使得测定指标更多样、客观、准确.本文逐一介绍了评价精子质量的各种指标,并对各指标的测定方法、测定原理、国内外研究情况进行详细叙述,旨为我国鱼类精子质量评价研究提供背景资料.