外源增钾缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系受抑

分别对硝态氮($\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$)和铵态氮($\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$)培养下的小麦幼苗进行不同水平的钾处理(低钾,1 mmol·L^-1;正常,3 mmol·L^-1;高钾,6 mmol·L^-1),探究外源供钾对缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系生长受抑的效果与作用机理。结果表明,$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下,小麦叶片和根系中的$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$含量较$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$条件下显著(P<0.05)增加,根系生长受到抑制,与$\text{NO}_{3}^{-}-\text{N}$条件下的植株相比,$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下相同钾水平的小麦幼苗总根长、根表面积、根体积均显著(P<0.05)减少。随着施钾水平的升高,根系受抑制的情况得到缓解。$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}-\text{N}$条件下,随着施钾水平的升高,小麦幼苗的叶面积、气孔导度、净光合速率显著(P<0.05)升高,叶和根中的可溶性糖含量显著(P<0.05)升高,叶中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性亦显著(P<0.05)增强,根中生长素(IAA)含量及其与细胞分裂素(CTK)的比值升高。据此推断,在铵胁迫下,增钾处理增强了小麦的光合作用,提高了碳水化合物的合成能力,可为$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$的同化提供更多的碳架,从而降低体内$\text{NH}_{4}^{+}$的积累;同时,促进了根中植物激素的平衡,最终得以缓解铵胁迫下小麦根系生长受到的抑制。     

中国某些水稻土中硝态氮向铵态氮的还原研究

Three paddy soils were examined for their capacities of dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DRNA). 15N-labelled KNO3 was added at the rate of 100 mg N/kg. Either glucose or rice straw powder was incorporated at the rate of 1.0 or 2.0 mg C/kg respectively. Three treatments were designed to keep the soil saturated with water: (1) a 2-cm water layer on soil surface (with beaker mouth open); (2) a 2-cm water layer and a 1-cm liquid paraffin layer (with beaker mouth open); and (3) water saturated under an O2-free Ar atmosphere. The soils were incubated at 28℃ for 5 days. There was almost no 15N-labelled NH4+-N detected in Treatment 1. However, there was 1.4 to 3.4 mg N/kg 15N-labelled NH4+-N in Treatment 2, and 2.1 to 13.8 mg N/kg in Treatment 3. Glucose was more effective than straw powder in ammonium production. Because there was sufficient amount of non-labelled NH4+-N in the original soils, 15N-labelled NH4+-N produced as such should be the result of dissimilatory reduction. Studies on microbial population showed that there were plenty of bacteria responsible for DRNA process (DRNA bacteria) in the soils examined, indicating that number of DRNA bacteria was not a limiting factor for ammonium production. However, DRNA bacteria were inferior in number to denitrifiers. The DRNA process in soil suspension started after 5 days of incubation. Glycerol and sodium succinate, though both are readily available carbon sources to organisms, did not facilitate DRNA process. DRNA occurred only when glucose was available and at a C:NO3--N ratio >12. Both availability and quality of the carbon sources affected DRNA.     

土壤微生物对施入肥料氮的固持及其动态研究

采集长期定位试验（１４年）土壤（棕壤）进行盆栽试验,并应用同位素＾１５Ｎ示踪技术研究了土壤中微生物对肥料氮的固持及其动态,结果表明,施肥后５天土壤微生物对施入人肥氮的固持达达到最高,除单施氮肥处理的固持量占施入人肥氮量的５．４％外,其余各处理均天１３．３％－１５．４％间,施肥后土壤微生物量氮的增加主要来自化肥氮,后者占微生物体总氮量的６４．１％－８７．３％,在作物生长期间微生物固持的化肥氮逐渐释入     

Nitrate leaching and pasture yields following the application of dairy shed effluent or ammonium fertilizer under spray or flood irrigation: results of a lysimeter study

Abstract. Nitrate leaching and pasture ( Lolium perenne / Trifolium repens ) yields were measured on monolith lysimeters (80 cm diam. × 120 cm depth) of a Templeton sandy loam soil (Udic Ustochrept), following repeated applications of dairy shed effluent (DSE) or ammonium fertilizer (NH₄Cl), under spray (50 mm/month) or flood (100 mm/month) irrigation. Applications of DSE at 400 kg N/ha per annum resulted in significantly less nitrate leaching (8–25 kg N/ha per yr) compared with NH₄Cl (28–48kg N/ha per yr) ( P < 0.01). Over the two year period, the total mineral N (predominantly nitrate) leached was equivalent to 2.5–3.7% of the total N applied in the DSE and 8.7–9.8% of the N applied in the NH₄Cl. There was a trend of slightly less nitrate leaching under the flood irrigation than under the spray irrigation, probably because of the greater potential for denitrification under the wetter conditions. Average nitrate concentrations in the leachate were generally below the drinking water standard except in the NH₄Cl treatment under spray irrigation where it averaged 10 mg NO₃-N/l over the two year period. DSE was equally as effective as NH₄Cl in stimulating pasture dry matter production. Annual nitrogen uptakes were similar for the DSE (343 kg N/ha) and NH₄Cl (332–344kg N/ha) treatments in the first year but were higher in the DSE (361–412 kg N/ha) than in the NH₄Cl (324–340 kg N/ha) treatments in the second year. Pasture uptakes of phosphorus and sulphur were also higher in the DSE than in the NH₄Cl treatments in the second year. The results emphasize the need to set different regulatory limits for land application of organic wastes of various types and for N fertilizers.     

稻田水面分子膜对提高氮肥利用率的研究

通过田间的观测研究,明确了稻田中氨挥发速率与田面水的氨分压和田面水以上的风速之间,存在着一定的函数关系。本试验主要研究降低田面水表面的氨向大气逸失,研究稻田水面分子膜对提高氮肥利用率的作用及对水稻产量的影响。试验结果表明,水面分子膜能够大大降低氨挥发速率,减少氮素损失。稻田在施入尿素或碳铵肥料后加施水面分子膜比对照（不加膜）明显增加了水稻有效穗、穗粒数、千粒重,增加了产量;随着施肥量增加施水面分子膜的增产效果越好;碳铵施膜效果好于尿素施膜效果。施膜一般增产在３％—６．８％,产投比８：１。用差值法进行小区植株含氮量测定,施水面分子膜比对照氮肥利用率提高了６．５％—１１．６％。     

滤纸污染对土壤NH_4~+-N,NO_3~--N,PO_4~(3-)-P分析结果的影响及消除

研究了滤纸污染对土壤ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ,ＮＯ－３－Ｎ,ＰＯ３－４－Ｐ测定结果的影响。研究表明,定量滤纸ＮＯ－３－Ｎ和ＰＯ３－４－Ｐ含量低,定性滤纸ＮＯ－３－Ｎ和ＰＯ３－４－Ｐ含量高,而ＮＨ＋４－Ｎ则相反,定量滤纸的含量远远高于定性滤纸。用浸提剂处理滤纸和做滤纸空白测定的方法可以有效地消除因滤纸污染而产生的误差。     

Effect of neuroactive compounds on larval metamorphosis of New Zealand geoduck (Panopea zelandica)

We present here the first laboratory study on the effects of pharmacologically active compounds on the larval metamorphosis of the New Zealand geoduck, Panopea zelandica (Quoy and Gaimard, 1835). Two batches of competent hatchery‐reared larvae were exposed to acetylcholine chloride, epinephrine hydrochloride and excess potassium ions in the form of KCl and K₂SO₄. None of the tested chemicals increased the proportion of metamorphosed geoducks, and in some cases, the chemical caused significant mortality, despite having been used extensively with other species, such as mussels and oysters. This might indicate that geoduck larval physiology and development differs from other bivalves. Geoducks may have evolved distinct chemoreceptor patterns that facilitate metamorphosis under environmentally favourable conditions for subtidal soft sediment habitats suitable for burrowing. Thus, further research is needed to identify alternative cues (e.g. conspecific adults, sediment characteristics and surface biofilm) and understand their role in settlement and metamorphosis. This information will aid the design of reseeding methods and contribute to the development of reliable hatchery production of geoduck spat.     

基于^15N稳定同位素技术的斜生栅藻对硝氮和氨氮吸收研究

硝氮（NO3--N）和氨氮（NH4＋-N）是水体中无机氮的主要形态。利用15N稳定同位素技术研究了斜生栅藻（Scendesmus obliquus）对NO3--N和NH4＋-N的吸收特征。结果显示,在相同浓度条件下,斜生栅藻对NH4＋-N的吸收速率显著高于对NO3--N的吸收率,在180min的试验中,对15NH4＋-N的吸收速率为0.62～1.15μmol/（g·min）;对15NO3--N的吸收速率为0.08～0.15μmol/（g·min）。在NO3--N和NH4＋-N2种形态氮源同时存在的混合组中     

离子对反相高效液相色谱法同时检测水产品中6种ATP关联化合物

建立了水产品中6种ATP关联化合物的离子对反相高效液相色谱(IP-RPLC)检测方法,确定了缓冲液的最佳pH、流速和浓度,并对方法的准确度、精确度和检测限进行了测定.采用10％的高氯酸分离提取样品,用KOH溶液中和后进行HPLC分析.采用Waters 2695色谱系统,Thermo ODS-2 Hypersil(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,柱温为25℃;以10％甲醇,90％ 0.05 mol/L磷酸盐溶液为流动相,磷酸盐溶液含9 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化氨(TBA),并用1 mol/L的磷酸调pH至6.5,采用等度洗脱,流速为0.9 mL/min;检测波长为254 nm.结果表明:6种ATP关联化合物在13 min内完全分离;在2～400 μg/mL范围内线性关系良好,相关系数在0.9994～1.0000之间;方法最低检测限(信噪比S/N =3)在0.1～0.4 μg/mL之间;加标平均回收率为82.2％ ～110.0％,相对标准偏差为4.2％ ～9.5％.本方法可用于水产品中ATP、ADP、AMP、IMP、Hx和HxR等6种ATP关联化合物的同时测定和分析.