儒家礼教论——论"仁"、"人性"、"文"和"礼"的关系

作为儒家哲学的一个重要范畴,"礼"是先秦儒家教育理论及其实践的核心范畴。儒家的教育理论是完全依靠"礼"如何与其他范畴互相关联而形成发展的。尤其是孔子、孟子和荀子所提出的"仁"、"人性"和"文"等范畴对体现出"礼"的教育内涵是不可缺少的。"仁"只有通过"礼"才能实现自己的价值,"人性"也依靠"礼"的内化过程而能够获得真正的发展。在这一点上,可以说"礼"是文明化了的传统中分化、发展下来的一切标准,"礼教"是以"博文"与"约礼"为主要内容而培养君子的先秦儒家的教育传统。     

创造优秀教师脱颖而出的环境

优秀教师是高等教育事业建设的宝贵财富,高校领导必须尊重他们,使用他们。这样,就得创造一个让他们尽情发挥才能的环境。要做到这些,高校领导需要有尊师爱才之心,有识才之智,有容才之量,有用人之识。只有创造一个优秀教师人才脱颖而出的环境,我们的高校才能兴旺发达,才能步入“世界一流”的行列。     

细胞色素P450s酶系催化除草剂代谢的研究进展

综述了细胞色素P450s酶系催化的单加氧反应机理,细胞色素P450s酶系在酰胺类、三氮苯类、磺酰脲类、脲类、苯氧羧酸类等除草剂的活性或降解代谢中的催化反应。讨论了研究细胞色素P450s酶系代谢作用在除草剂选择性、抗药性机理,抗除草剂作物的培育以及除草剂安全剂的解毒机理等方面的意义。     

The loss of genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon (Acipenser dabryanus,Dumeril) as revealed by DNA fingerprinting

• 1. Dabry's sturgeon, a large, long‐lived migratory fish is endemic to the Yangtze River. Over‐fishing and habitat destruction have caused large‐scale declines in natural stocks in the last two decades.
• 2. Examining patterns of genetic diversity has become an integral component of many management plans for endangered species. DNA fingerprinting was applied to detect genetic diversity in Dabry's sturgeon collected in 1958–1959, 1980–1981 and 1998–1999.
• 3. Studies on direct genetic parameters (genetic variability, hypervariable loci and heterozygosity) and indirect parameters (band‐sharing coefficient and allelic frequency) showed that the continuous decline in wild populations has caused the loss of genetic diversity in present‐day sturgeon.
• 4. The present‐day populations have the lowest genetic variability; thus, effective management is needed to preserve genetic diversity.
• 5. A conservation strategy is urgently required, comprising artificial rearing facilities coupled with breeding management plans.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

关于加速雅安奶业产业化进程的思考与对策

通过招商引资壮大雅安市现有乳品加工企业的能力与水平,带动奶业基地发展;建立奶业协会,破除当前条块分割、体制不顺等问题,提高农民养奶牛奶羊的组织化程度;建设奶业高种园区,提高科技贡献率,充分利用雅安发展奶业得天独厚的优越条件及大好机遇,超常规跨越式发展,使雅安市成为四川奶业强市.     

Computational chemistry study of the environmentally important acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of atrazine and related 2-chloro-s-triazines

Many chlorine-containing pesticides, for example 2-chloro-s-triazines, are of great concern both environmentally and toxicologically. As a result, ascertaining or predicting the fate and transport of these compounds in soils and water is of current interest. Transformation pathways for 2-chloro-s-triazines in the environment include dealkylation, dechlorination (hydrolysis), and ring cleavage. This study explored the feasibility of using computational chemistry, specifically the hybrid density functional theory method, B3LYP, to predict hydrolysis trends of atrazine (2-chloro-N4-ethyl-N6-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) and related 2-chloro-s-triazines to the corresponding 2-hydroxy-s-triazines. Gas-phase energetics are described on the basis of calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. Calculated free energies of hydrolysis (delta h G298) are nearly the same for simazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), atrazine, and propazine (2-chloro-N4,N6-di-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine), suggesting that hydrolysis is not significantly affected by the side-chain amine-nitrogen alkyl substituents. High-energy barriers also suggest that the reactions are not likely to be observed in the gas phase. Aqueous solvation effects were examined by means of self-consistent reaction field methods (SCRF). Molecular structures were optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G* level using the Onsager model, and solvation energies were calculated at the B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) level using the isodensity surface polarizable continuum model (IPCM). Although the extent of solvent stabilization was greater for cationic species than neutral ones, the full extent of solvation is underestimated, especially for the transition state structures. As a consequence, the calculated hydrolysis barrier for protonated atrazine is exaggerated compared with the experimentally determined one. Overall, the hydrolysis reactions follow a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) pathway.     

The potential of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum and other biological control organisms for suppressing fusarium wilt of banana

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of nonpathogenic F. oxysporum and Trichoderma isolates from suppressive soils in South Africa to suppress fusarium wilt of banana in the glasshouse. Several biological control agents and commercial biological control products were included in the study. The isolates were first screened in vitro on potato dextrose agar. In glasshouse evaluations, the fungal and bacterial isolates were established on banana roots before they were replanted in pathogen-infested soil, while the commercial biocontrol agents were applied as directed by the supplier. Banana plantlets were evaluated for disease development after 7 weeks. In vitro tests showed none of the nonpathogenic isolates suppressed Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense ( Foc ), while slight suppression was observed with the two Trichoderma isolates. Results of the glasshouse evaluations revealed that two of the nonpathogenic F. oxysporum isolates, CAV 255 and CAV 241, reduced fusarium wilt incidence by 87·4 and 75·0%, respectively. The known biological control agent Fo47 did not suppress Foc significantly. Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS 417, known for its ability to suppress other fusarium wilt diseases (WCS 417), reduced disease incidence by 87·4%. These isolates should be further evaluated for potential application in the field, independently and in combination.     

Identification of mutations in the para sodium channel of Bemisia tabaci from Crete, associated with resistance to pyrethroids

We investigated the mechanisms of resistance to α-cypermethrin in a Q biotype, highly resistant Bemisia tabaci strain (GRMAL-RP) isolated from Crete. Cytochrome P450-dependent monoxygenase activity with the substrate ethoxycoumarin, and carboxylesterase activity with the substrates α-naphthyl-acetate, β-naphthyl-acetate, and para-nitrophenol acetate were substantially elevated in the GRMAL-RP, compared to the susceptible SUD-S strain, while glutathione-S-transferase activity with the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was not different. The metabolic inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate synergised cypermethrin toxicity in the GRMAL-RP strain, however, mortality was still lower than that of the susceptible strain, indicating the presence of an additional resistance mechanism. Analysis of the sequence of the IIS4-IIS6 region of the para sodium channel gene of the GRMAL-RP strain revealed two amino acid replacements compared to that of the SUD-S susceptible strain. One is the leucine to isoleucine substitution at position 925 (L925I) previously implicated in B. tabaci pyrethroid resistance and the other is a novel kdr resistant mutation for B. tabaci, a threonine to valine substitution at position 929 (T929V). Genotype analysis showed that the L925I and T929V were present in all GRMAL-RP males tested, at an approximately 1:1 frequency, but never in combination in the same haplotype.     

家蚕EST数据库的应用现状及展望

家蚕是重要的经济昆虫,也是鳞翅目昆虫的主要模式生物。表达序列标签(EST)在家蚕研究中的应用越来越受到关注。本文主要介绍了EST数据库的建立及其在家蚕研究中的应用现状,展望了EST在家蚕中的研究趋势。     

用麦芽根调节水分对啤酒糟混贮品质的影响

将啤酒糟和麦芽根按不同比例袋装混贮,分别在30、60、90、120 d开袋取样进行感官评定,pH值、氨态氮、干物质、粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维及有机酸含量分析。结果表明:混贮时间和水分含量均对混贮效果有显著影响;混贮饲料在混贮前60 d各指标变化范围较大,60 d后变化范围较小,并逐渐趋于稳定状态;混贮饲料以含水量50%的袋装混贮效果最好,其次是60%、40%,70%最差。