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61.
Cost estimation is probably the most decisive factor in the process of computer-aided, preliminary planning for low-volume road networks. However, the cost of construction is normally assumed to be route-independent for a specific project area, resulting in sub-optimal layouts. This is especially true for mountainous terrain and in areas with unstable subsoil. Here, we present a model for more accurately estimating spatial variability in road life-cycle costs, based on terrain surface properties as well as geological properties of the subsoil. This parametric model incorporates four structural components: embankment, retaining structures, pavement, and drainage and stream-crossing structures. It is linked to a geo-database that allows users to derive location-specific parameter values as input. In applying this model, we have demonstrated that variability in costs ranges widely for mountainous areas, with the most expensive construction being approximately five times greater there than on more favorable sites. This variability strongly affects the optimal layout of a road network. First, when location-specific slope gradients are considered, costs are reduced by about 17% from those calculated via currently available engineering practices; when both slope gradient and geotechnical formations are included, those costs are decreased by about 20%. Second, the length of the road network is increased by about 4% and 10% respectively, compared with current practices.  相似文献   
62.
[目的]紫薇具有红色、紫色和白色等显著不同的花色以及形态、大小和颜色明显不同的2种雄蕊,使其成为花色多态型和异型雄蕊研究的良好材料.对紫薇花部综合特征和繁育系统进行系统研究,探究紫薇不同花色植株的繁殖策略以及2种雄蕊在传粉过程中的功能作用.[方法]通过野外定点观测,采用传粉昆虫调查、人工授粉以及人工控制套袋试验等方法对紫薇3种花色植株的花部形态特征、开花进程、传粉式样以及花朵的功能形态特征进行检测.[结果]1)3种花色植株的花期和单花开放进程基本相同(单花花期为4~5天).2)3种花色植株的花在形态特征上存在差异.3)3种花色植株的短雄蕊数表现为白色花植株>紫色花植株>红色花植株,花色间存在显著差异(P<0.05);红色花植株的单花花粉量和P/O值显著低于其他2种花色植株(P<0.05).4)3种花色植株的花粉活性和柱头可授性动态变化趋势相似;花粉寿命与柱头可授期有部分重叠,长雄蕊花粉活性最高时期早于柱头最佳可授期,短雄蕊的与柱头最佳可授期同步;白色和紫色花植株的柱头最佳可授期比红色花植株的长(约2h).5)2种雄蕊在形态、颜色、花粉量、人工控制试验条件下的结实率和结籽数以及传粉昆虫访花行为等方面都存在显著差异,说明2种雄蕊在传粉过程中存在功能分化,即黄色短雄蕊主要起招引昆虫作用,暗黄色长雄蕊主要起传粉作用;但2种雄蕊在花粉活性、花粉组织化学成分以及人工控制授粉后的结实率等方面均无显著差异,表明二者在生理上尚未分化;去除雄蕊试验表明,雄蕊的排列方式是影响2种雄蕊功能分化程度的重要因素.6)P/O值、套袋试验以及传粉昆虫观察结果表明,紫薇不存在无融合生殖、主动自交和自交不亲和现象,其交配方式是以异交为主、自交亲和的兼性异交繁育系统.7)传粉昆虫对红色花植株有明显偏好,访问该花色植株的频率显著高于其他2种花色植株(P<0.01);人工授粉后,白色和紫色花植株的结实率显著提高.[结论]在自然条件下,紫薇的白色和紫色花植株存在一定的花粉限制.此时,增加对雄性功能的投入、延长柱头最佳可授期是其维持繁殖成效的适应策略;在传粉过程中,2种雄蕊既有分工,又有协作.2种雄蕊花药开裂时间不同步,花粉活力维持时间也不同,花粉的这种装配机制是紫薇提高花粉输出效率的繁殖策略.  相似文献   
63.
Leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter in many ecological models and its phenology significantly affects on net ecosystem production in deciduous forests. We examined trends in LAIe (effective leaf area index) using two-compartment models to test effects of stand age and slope aspect on seasonal rates of LAIe increase (k1) and decrease (k2). LAIe measurements were acquired from 24 sample plots over five months and used to develop robust predictive models for modeling LAIe dynamics. Generally, the stands’ k1 values were substantially greater than their k2 values. The LAIe increased rapidly between leaf emergence and saturation, and then lower slowly from leaf saturation to senescence. The strongest increase in LAIe was observed in 11- to 15-year-old stands on shady slopes (k1 = 4.76) and in young stands (<10 years) on sunny slopes (k1 = 3.94), but k2 values were largest in mature stands. The trees on shady slopes generally had higher k1 and lower k2 values than those on sunny slopes, except in the youngest stand. The results showed that two-compartment models can robustly describe leaf growth and loss rates in black locust stands, and that both stand age and aspect both strongly affect the rate and magnitude of changes in LAIe during the growing season. Hence, the two-compartment model is recommended as an effective method when monitoring the LAIe quantitative dynamics of broad-leaved forest.  相似文献   
64.
应用地统计学结合地理信息系统研究了广东省东莞市森林表层土壤(0~25 cm)有机质、全氮、全钾、全磷和pH值等5种土壤肥力指标的空间变异规律。研究表明:全磷、全钾、有机质、全氮为中等变异;pH值属于弱变异;全钾、pH值的变异函数曲线的理论模型符合球状模型,有机质、全氮、全磷适用模型为指数模型;全磷、全钾、有机质、pH值具有中等空间相关性,全氮的空间相关性较弱;5种肥力指标的空间自相关范围存在明显差异,变化范围为2218~19297 m。用普通克立格法进行最优内插,得各肥力指标含量分布图,并分析了各土壤肥力指标的分布状态。  相似文献   
65.
为探究联合收割机驾驶员的疲劳变化规律,应用RM6240C多通道生理信号采集系统,在约翰迪尔S660型联合收割机上进行了驾驶疲劳监测试验,采集了10名驾驶员120 min收获驾驶的心电数据。选取非线性动力学指标样本熵作为疲劳监测的特征参数,分析样本熵随驾驶时间的变化规律,确定驾驶疲劳发生时间段,对比不同作业环节的疲劳程度。结果表明:样本熵值随驾驶时间的增加呈下降趋势;样本熵值与主观驾驶疲劳程度的皮尔逊相关系数为-0.824,两者显著负相关;根据样本熵值判定,驾驶疲劳于50 min后开始出现,100 min后疲劳程度加深;转向行驶阶段比直线行驶阶段的驾驶疲劳程度高。基于样本熵的驾驶疲劳判定方法可客观的反映联合收割机驾驶员的体力和精神疲劳状况。  相似文献   
66.
Several Nicotiana species, their intergeneric sexual and somatic hybrids were compared for their in vitro growth rate and nicotine content. Cell yield on a dry weight basis and HPLC analysis of their nicotine content revealed a very high variation within each cell line from parental, sexual and somatic hybrids for the two traits analyzed. The trigeneríc sexual hybrids (N. rustica × N. debneyi) × N. tabacum and only two of the N. rustica × N. tabacum somatic hybrid lines show a positive heterosis in nicotine content in vitro The in vitro growth rate and nicotine content did not demonstrate a statistically significant correlation.  相似文献   
67.
Analysis of anther culture response in hexaploid triticale   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The androgenic response of five varieties and 10 F1 intervarietal hybrids of 6 × triticale was analysed. The overall response involved three independent phenomena: the production of embryoids, the capability of embryoids to regenerate plants, and the production of green plants. Each of these factors appeared to be controlled by independent genetic systems. From a practical point of view, the product of these three factors, the number of green haploid plants per anther (GPA), is the most reliable variable for the evaluation of genotypes. Positive heterotic effects on GPA were observed in the hybrids, which may indicate that GPA is controlled predominantly by additive genes. No correlation was found between the number of green haploid plants produced by hybrids and that yielded by the best parental line. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the yield of green haploid plants that can be produced by a hybrid simply from the number produced by its parents.  相似文献   
68.
土壤养分通常具有较大的空间变异性,且变异规律随土壤类型和养分的变化而变化。对黑龙江省密山市长期试验点的草甸白浆土通过经典统计学方法和地统计学方法0~20cm和20~40cm两层土壤有效磷的变异性进行了分析。经典统计学分析结果表明草甸白浆土有效磷具有中等至较强程度的变异。地统计学结果表明草甸白浆土有效磷最大相关距离在85m左右,两层土壤的块金方差/基台值分别为47.63%和34.87%具有中等至较强程度的空间相关性。  相似文献   
69.
The F2 progenies of crosses between several cowpea (V. unguiculata) lines were investigated for variation of eye pattern and seed coat colour. It was found that three (W, H, O) and five (R, P, B, M, N) major genes control eye pattern and seed coat colour, respectively. The recessive gene (GO) for restricted eye pattern enables the underlying basic white or cream seed coat colour to be observed. A similar effect is obtained with the recessive gene (rr) for colour expression. The expression of mottling (V), possibly a seed coat pattern, may for be observed when it is combined with the genes for certain eye patterns. The significance of these findings in breeding for consumer preference for specific seed coat colour is discussed.  相似文献   
70.
绿豆主要农艺性状的相关分析   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9  
对739份绿豆品种资源主要农艺性状进行了独立性检验、变异系数测定及相关分析。缫表明:(1)粒色与粒大小及种皮有无光泽呈极显著相关。(2)单株荚数、单株产量、主茎分枝数的变异度大,株高及百粒重的变异度较大,荚长、生育期的变异度中等,而单荚粒数变异度较小。(3)单株产量与单株荚数呈极显著的正相关,与生育期呈极显著的负相关。  相似文献   
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