Slope correction for LAI estimation from gap fraction measurements

Digital hemispherical photography poses specific problems when deriving leaf area index (LAI) over sloping terrain. This study proposes a method to correct from the slope effect. It is based on simple geometrical considerations to account for the path length variation within the canopy for cameras pointing vertically. Simulations over sloping terrain show that gap fraction increases up-slope while decreasing down-slope. As a consequence of this balance between up- and down-slope effects, effective LAI estimates derived from inversion of the Poisson model are marginally affected for low to medium slopes (<25°) and LAI (LAI < 2). However, for larger slopes and LAI values, estimated LAI values may be strongly underestimated. The proposed correction was evaluated over four forested sites located over sloping terrain. Results indicate that in these conditions (LAI between 0.6 up to 3.0, clumped canopies with relatively erectophile leaf distribution), the effect of the slope (between 25° and 36°) was moderate as compared to other potential sources of problems when deriving LAI from gap fraction measurements, including clumping, leaf angle inclination and spatial sampling.     

东北黑土活性有机碳、氮分布研究

通过对东北黑土区不同地点、不同层次的土壤样品的分析,探索活性有机碳(轻组有机C,N、颗粒有机C,N和易氧化有机C,N)在东北地区的分布情况。结果表明,随着纬度的增加,土壤活性有机C、N含量增加;随着深度的增加,土壤活性有机C、N含量减少。说明纬度低的地区,活性有机碳库转化较快,库容较小,而耕作措施相近的情况下,植物残体和根残体在有机C积累方面应予以重视。     

东北某污染场地土壤砷稳定化效果研究

为评估不同环境条件对场地土壤砷(As)稳定化效果的影响,采用不同添加量的FeCl (3 Fe/As物质的量比分别为2:1、3:1、4:1、5:1、6:1、7:1、8:1)对辽宁省某冶炼厂As污染场地土壤进行修复,通过测定As的浸出浓度和赋存形态筛选稳定化效果最佳的FeCl₃添加量;采用不同pH和不同液固比浸提稳定化后的土壤,通过测定As的浸出浓度研究不同环境条件下FeCl₃对As稳定化效果的影响。结果表明:与未加FeCl₃相比,各添加处理As浸出浓度降低了84.9%~92.8%(P<0.05),Fe/As物质的量比为6:1时As的浸出浓度最小,稳定效果最好。FeCl₃添加促进了As由活性较高的非专性吸附态和专性吸附态向活性较低的残渣态转化,有效态As含量降低了6.9%~8.4%。与酸性浸提相比,中性及碱性浸提条件下As的浸出浓度明显升高;浸提溶液pH为4时As的浸出浓度最低,pH为13时As的浸出浓度最高,二者相比As的浸出浓度增加了584.4%。与较高液固比浸提相比,较低的液固比浸提增加了As的浸出浓度(P<0.05);液固比为20:1时As的浸出浓度最低,浸出率最大,液固比为1:1时As的浸出浓度最高,浸出率最低。研究表明,FeCl₃可通过改变场地土壤中As的赋存形态有效降低As的浸出浓度,碱性和低液固比浸提增大了稳定化后土壤中As的环境风险。建议根据修复后场地土壤面临的实际环境选择相应的pH和液固比进行浸提,以安全评价As污染场地的稳定化效果及环境风险。     

含气率对小流量下混流式混输泵轴系振动的影响

振动是反映混输泵运行稳定性的关键指标,液体含气率对混输泵的振动强度有重要影响.为探究小流量工况下含气率变化对混输泵轴系振动的影响规律,该研究以某3级混流式气液混输泵为研究对象,采用建立的多通道振动测试系统采集小流量工况下混输泵输送不同含气率的水时主轴和轴承座的振动信号,然后分析水中含气率对主轴和轴承座振动特性的影响规律...     

细叶旱芹地上部化感物质粗分离物对4种草坪草及5种牧草的化感作用

采用滤纸培养皿法，以发芽率、发芽势、根长和苗长为指标，研究细叶旱芹（Cyclospermum leptophyllum(Pers.) Sprague ex Britton et P. Wilson）地上部化感物质对4种草坪草和5种牧草受体植物的种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明，细叶旱芹地上部化感物质对4种草坪草和5种牧草的种子萌发和幼苗生长均有抑制作用，其中对种子发芽势抑制最明显，抑制率最高达96.3%；其次是对幼苗根长的抑制作用，抑制率最高达91.1%。通过比较种子萌发和幼苗生长的测定指标，得出5种馏分对草坪草的化感作用为石油醚相＞氯仿相＞正丁醇相＞乙酸乙酯相＞水相，而对牧草的化感作用为石油醚相＞乙酸乙酯相＞氯仿相＞正丁醇相＞水相。说明不同受体植物对相同萃取相组分的化感作用强弱存在差异，细叶旱芹地上部化感物质主要存在于石油醚馏分中，可进一步从中分离提取活性物质。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

Influence of fruit load on dry matter and N-distribution in sweet pepper plants

The influence of fruit load on the leaf characteristics and on the distribution of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L., cv. Cornado) plants was investigated under Mediterranean glasshouse conditions during a winter–spring production cycle (from December till June). DM weight of all organs (roots, stems + petioles, leaves and fruits) and N content were determined throughout the growing cycle over a 3-week interval. The results showed that the cyclic fruit load pattern (production flushes) was associated with strong variations of N-leaf content on an area basis and specific leaf weight, SLW. On a whole plant scale, the value of SLW dramatically decreased (≈30%) with increasing fruit load; the reverse held true as long as the fruit dry weight remained low (<30 g pl⁻¹). The decline in SLW was coincident with a shift in distribution of DM and N in the plant, both preferentially diverted to the fruits. The time evolution of DM and N fractions in organs exhibited periodic fluctuations, with a duration close to the length of a fruit growth cycle (about 70 days, from anthesis to harvest). Linear relationships were found between the fraction of dry mass and N in fruits, and those of the other organs. The slope of these relationships was considered as an indicator of the response and sensitivity of the organ growth to an increase in fruit load. The root dry mass fraction was the most affected by increases in fruit load (slope of −0.75), while the N fraction in roots and in leaves was affected to a similar extent (slope of −0.50 and of −0.40, respectively). We conclude that, in the sweet pepper, the cyclic pattern of fruit load induces opposite cyclic patterns of dry matter and N content in the other aerial organs as well as in the roots, thereby reflecting close shoot–root coordination in the allocation of carbon and nitrogen resources among the organs. Finally, we discuss the possible implications that could derive from these findings for modelling dry matter partitioning in plants subjected to continuous fruit harvesting.     

菠萝生长素极性运输载体基因AcPINs和AcAUXs的分离与表达分析

乙烯已经被广泛应用于菠萝人工催花,但其分子机制不是很清楚。以菠萝(Ananas comosus L.‘Perola’)茎尖为材料,采用RT-PCR结合RACE方法得到3个生长素极性运输输出载体基因(Ac PIN1、Ac PIN2和Ac PIN3)和2个生长素极性运输输入载体基因(Ac AUX1和Ac AUX2)的c DNA及基因组DNA全长。Ac PIN1、Ac PIN2、Ac PIN3、Ac AUX1和Ac AUX2的c DNA全长分别为2 690、2 388、2 057、2 156和1 580 bp,其开放读码框长度分别为1 854、1 917、1 530、1 479和1 392 bp,分别编码617、638、509、492和463个氨基酸;其基因组DNA全长分别为3 602、3 208、4 204、5 457和2 436 bp,从起始密码子到终止密码子的长度分别为3 244、2 780、3 947、5 264和2 321 bp。氨基酸序列多重比对及系统发育树结果显示Ac PINs和Ac AUXs分别属于植物PINs和AUX/LAXs家族。荧光定量PCR结果表明,菠萝茎尖经200和1 200 mg·L-1乙烯利诱导处理后,Ac PINs的表达上调较多,其中Ac PIN2在处理后的早期(1~2 d)和后期(28~37 d)显著上调,另外两个PIN家族基因Ac PIN1和Ac PIN3在处理后的大部分时间都明显提高。Ac AUX1的上调表达量相对较少,且相对表达量显著提高也主要集中在处理初期(1 d)和后期(28~37 d),而Ac AUX2的上调表达则只在处理后的前期(1、2、9 d)。研究结果表明,乙烯利诱导菠萝成花过程中,存在着生长素极性运输,且生长素极性输出在此过程中的作用可能更重要。     

Processing of maize germ oil cake into edible food grade meal and evaluation of its protein quality

The commercial oil cake produced during expeller pressing of maize germ, was extracted with n-hexane and 80 percent ethanol followed by seiving to remove undesirable materials. In defatted maize germ oil cake (DMGOC): protein, starch, fat, crude fiber (CF) and ash were respectively 24.69, 36.55, 5.68, 7.56 and 3.90 percent and they decrease after processing except ash, which increased slightly. It contains better quality protein having only 3 percent zein and 47 percent albumin. Its amino acids like lysine and tryptophan and biological value (BV) were higher than that of whole maize grain, and was comparable with that of the amino acid requirement of preschool children and casein diets both. Its digestible energy (DE) was lower compared with whole maize grain as well as the casein diets. After processing albumin, globulin and zein decreased whereas glutelin and the residual fraction increased. Not much differences were observed in chemical composition and different amino acids, in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD), true digestibility (TD), BV and DE improved after processing.