广东主要乡土阔叶树种单木生物量生长模型

【目的】选择广东主要乡土阔叶树种樟树Cinnamomum camphora、木荷Schima superba和枫香Liquidambarformosana为研究对象,建立3个树种的单木生物量生长模型,快速精确计量和监测森林碳汇造林项目的碳储量变化。【方法】每个树种按10个径阶均匀分配伐倒90株样木(共270株),以样木的生物量数据为单木生物量,以立木年龄为自变量,分别建立不同起源(天然林和人工林) 3个树种的地上和地下4种方程生物量生长模型,并选择最优模型通过联立方程组总量控制法解决地上各组分(干材、树皮、树枝、树叶)的生长模型相容性问题。【结果】天然林和人工林起源条件下,相同树种在同一生物量生长模型形式下生物量增长的上限值和最大增速年龄均有差异。各方程在相同起源和树种条件下所得的生物量上限和拐点年龄差异明显。估计地上生物量时,各树种最优方程形式不同。选择Logistic方程对3个树种地上各组分生物量联立方程组建立相容性生长模型,3个树种干材生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.560～0.768,平均预估误差(MPE)为3.05%～6.73%;树皮生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.552～0.866,MPE为2.02%～6.27%;树枝生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.309～0.706,MPE为3.01%～14.33%;树叶生物量方程的R_(adj)~2为0.495～0.767,MPE为4.16%～7.14%。【结论】比较4种模型的参数及评价指标可知,地上生物量生长最优模型为Logistic方程,地下生物量生长最优模型为Schumacher方程。地上各组分生物量在立木生长的周期中占地上总生物量的比例随着年龄的增长而不断变化。选择Logistic方程对3个树种地上各组分生物量联立方程组建立相容性生长模型,干材和树皮的生物量方程拟合效果相对于树枝和树叶更好。该模型主要适用于在已知年龄的人工碳汇造林的生物量估计;结合含碳系数,可预估未来一定时期内的碳储量及碳汇量。     

Eucalypt plantations

This paper reviews the historical development of the use of the eucalypt over 200 years, from its curiosity status in the botanical gardens of Europe to its extensive use as a fuelwood for the wood-burning locomotives of the national railway systems, and then to its more recent use as a major source of biomass for paper pulp, fiberboard, industrial charcoal, and fuelwood. Ecological and biological aspects of the genus Eucalyptus have made it successful as an exotic in industrial monocultures and as a multipurpose tree of benefit to small landholders. Social, policy, and economic aspects of growing Eucalyptus are examined, as are prospects for using the eucalypt in the twenty-first century as an industrial plantation tree and as a component of farming systems in the rural landscape.     

Multiple rotation yields for intensively managed plantations in the Amazon basin

Jari Celulose S. A. is a Brazilian-owned industrial enterprise located along the Jari River (the first major south-flowing tributary of the Amazon). The company produces bleached kraft pulp for international and domestic sales. The raw material of this pulp production comes from the 75,000 ha of intensively managed plantations of Pinus caribaea (Morelet) and Eucalyptus spp. harvested on 10- and 6-year rotations, respectively. All currently active Jari plantations were converted from primary forest between 1968 and 1982. Silvicultural practices have been modified over successive rotations, including plantation species changes, increased intensity of site preparation, fertilization, and chemical weed control. A review of data from the early 1970s to present indicates an increase in productivity over successive rotations and several plantation locations and soil types. The reasons for this improvement are primarily related to the higher levels of silvicultural inputs and dramatic genetic gains. The long-term sustainability of this productivity is discussed in terms of current and future inputs. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于无人机遥感影像的育种玉米垄数统计监测

为准确、快速的获取区域范围内的育种玉米垄数信息,该研究充分利用无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)超低空遥感监测技术,通过提取UAV影像的超绿特征和Hough变换方法提取育种玉米的垄数。研究区为金色农华种业科技股份有限公司崖城育种基地,基地内存在正处于苗期、拔节期和成熟期的玉米试验地块,使用的数据源为利用固定翼瑞士e Bee Ag精细农业用无人机获取的超低空可见光影像。研究过程中,首先计算UAV影像的超绿特征,并进行二值优化与形态学开启运算处理,以分离玉米植株与土壤背景信息,采用3种尺寸的窗口搜索并检测用于垄数提取的定位点;然后,用影像分割投影法提取玉米垄线的中心点,减小后续处理的计算量;最后,对已经提取的直线特征不明显的无人机影像中垄线中心点进行Hough变换,以提取玉米垄数。精度评价结果为:采用3种搜索窗口,苗期地块内的43垄玉米的提取精度分别为97.67%、95.35%、88.37%;拔节期地块内的74垄玉米的提取精度分别为100.00%、100.00%、58.11%;成熟期地块内的44垄玉米的提取精度分别为95.45%、90.91%、88.64%。该研究所提出的基于影像分割投影法和Hough变换可以正确提取不同生育期的玉米垄数,其中以拔节期的玉米垄数提取精度最高,此时的玉米植株在UAV影像上可以识别且又尚未封垄,是提取种植垄数的最佳时相;对于定位点检测,与玉米种植的垄间间隔相近的窗口尺寸(1?15或者1?25)是垄数监测的最佳尺寸。     

Design of a spatial sampling scheme considering the spatial autocorrelation of crop acreage included in the sampling units

Information on crop acreage is important for formulating national food polices and economic planning.Spatial sampling,a combination of traditional sampling methods and remote sensing and geographic information system(GIS)technology,provides an efficient way to estimate crop acreage at the regional scale.Traditional sampling methods require that the sampling units should be independent of each other,but in practice there is often spatial autocorrelation among crop acreage contained in the sampling units.In this study,using Dehui County in Jilin Province,China,as the study area,we used a thematic crop map derived from Systeme Probatoire d’Observation de la Terre(SPOT-5)imagery,cultivated land plots and digital elevation model data to explore the spatial autocorrelation characteristics among maize and rice acreage included in sampling units of different sizes,and analyzed the effects of different stratification criteria on the level of spatial autocorrelation of the two crop acreages within the sampling units.Moran’s I,a global spatial autocorrelation index,was used to evaluate the spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages in this study.The results showed that although the spatial autocorrelation level among maize and rice acreages within the sampling units generally decreased with increasing sampling unit size,there was still a significant spatial autocorrelation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units(Moran’s I varied from 0.49 to 0.89),irrespective of the sampling unit size.When the sampling unit size was less than3 000 m,the stratification design that used crop planting intensity(CPI)as the stratification criterion,with a stratum number of 5 and a stratum interval of 20%decreased the spatial autocorrelation level to almost zero for the maize and rice area included in sampling units within each stratum.Therefore,the traditional sampling methods can be used to estimate the two crop acreages.Compared with CPI,there was still a strong spatial correlation among the two crop acreages included in the sampling units belonging to each stratum when cultivated land fragmentation and ground slope were used as stratification criterion.As far as the selection of stratification criteria and sampling unit size is concerned,this study provides a basis for formulating a reasonable spatial sampling scheme to estimate crop acreage.     

农业生产与水资源承载力评价

本文通过对水资源承载力的判断,特别考虑到农业污染对水资源可持续利用的影响,综合分析了我国不同区域种植业及畜牧业生产对水资源的压力,为合理估计农业增长潜力及选择农业结构调整路径提供重要参考。通过构建过剩氮和灰水指标,量化了农业污染对水资源的影响。构建水盈余指标,反映在考虑环境协调的情况下水资源继续支撑农业生产的潜力。以2003—2012年全国各省为样本,构造面板数据模型,分析播种面积和牲畜饲养量变化对水盈余的影响,进而推断水资源可承载的最大播种面积和最大载畜量。分析结果显示,当前我国农业污染造成的灰水发生量巨大,农业水足迹大大超过统计的农业用水量。在主产省,农作物播种面积每增长1%,水盈余量将下降148.55亿m~3,牲畜饲养量每增长1%,水盈余量下降78.42亿m~3。以2012年水资源条件与农业生产状况为测算基础,全国水资源可承载的最大播种面积为1.69亿hm~2或最大载畜量35.70亿头生猪。河北、山西、江苏、河南、山东和宁夏6省的生产规模已经超过水资源承载力的上限,长江流域中上游地区及华南地区可以承载更多的种植业和畜牧业生产。各地区应根据比较优势,合理选择种植业和畜牧业的配比。     

毛细节水灌溉条件下蔗区土壤水分运移规律研究

毛细节水灌溉作为一种类似滴灌的新型灌溉技术逐渐得到关注。在室内模拟了毛细管水分在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土中的运移情况。通过室内试验和HYDRUS-3D建模分析表明:土壤类型对土壤各方向入渗有明显的影响,水分运移速度和土壤各方向湿润范围顺序为:沙土壤土黏土;3种土壤含水率等值线变化规律基本一致,同样湿润位置土壤含水率顺序为:黏土壤土沙土。根据毛细管的水分在沙土、壤土和黏土运移规律,提出毛细管在蔗区沙土、壤土和黏土的合理埋深应为40、30和20cm。     

渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲棉花种植面积时空变化特征分析

利用研究区棉花种植面积和产量相关统计数据,探究研究区棉花种植面积和产量的时空变化特征及单产和面积作用对棉花产量的影响。研究结果表明：(1) 近62年来,研究区的棉花种植面积、棉花产量和单产均呈上升趋势,而且表现出明显的阶段性和波动性,1949—1985年间增长缓慢,1986—2011年增长迅速。(2) 就棉花总产波动来看, 单产的作用占42.04%,面积作用占50.96%,在1949—1985年间单产增加对棉花总产量提高的贡献较大,在1986—2011年间棉花种植面积扩大对棉花总产量提高的贡献较大。(3) 1985年前棉花种植面积较稳定,波动不大,主要靠挤占粮食作物面积来扩大,1986年之后棉花种植面积扩大迅速,主要途径为开荒造地。(4) 棉花市场价格的波动、生产成本的上升、产量的徘徊、生产环境的恶化和品种等直接影响着研究区棉花生产的竞争力和棉农增收。     

黄土高原西部人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律

利用便携式中子水分测定仪,对黄土高原西部丘陵区不同立地条件、不同灌木类型覆盖下土壤水分含量进行观测研究,同时对人工灌木林土壤水分分布规律进行了初步的探讨。结果表明：阴坡土壤水分储量最高,其次为半阴坡和半阳坡,阳坡最低,坡向因子与土壤水分储量呈显著正相关,坡位因子与土壤水分储量相关性不显著。柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)耗水量较大,沙木蓼(Atraphaxis bracteata）、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)等耗水量居中,荒漠锦鸡儿(Caragana roborovskyi)、甘蒙锦鸡儿(Caragana opulens)、枸杞(Lycium chinense)耗水量较低,在植被恢复过程中,应根据物种抗旱性的不同在不同坡向进行合理的配置。从单株植物对土壤水分水平分布的影响看,随着离树干距离的加大,土壤水分含量越高,但在不同的土层深度土壤水分水平分布特征有差异。     

乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区人工林土壤钾素特征研究

通过对乌兰布和沙漠东北部沙区不同林地土壤样品的测定与分析,研究了林地土壤各形态钾素含量、相关性和垂直分异特征。结果显示:表层各形态钾素在各林地内呈不均衡分布。造林对表层土壤钾素具有不同程度的积累效应,特别是二白杨、小美旱以及固氮树种花棒、沙棘和沙枣;林地全钾含量中,各形态钾素所占比例不同,但平均97%以上的钾素植物难以直接利用;缓效钾是有效钾素非常重要的潜在给源。各林地有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾含量绝大部分表层(0-20cm)高于下层(20-40cm),矿物钾和全钾主要决定于土壤母质,层次间差异很小。在干旱条件下,林地土壤含水量较高的树种以及固氮树种更有利于有效钾素的提升。各形态钾素间存在着不同程度的转化关系;有机质、CEC明显影响着各形态钾素的含量、转化及其有效性。整体而言,乔木提升有效性钾、速效钾和缓效钾含量稍优于灌木,但差异很小。因此,在沙区干旱条件下,建议推广对土壤质量提高和生态环境改善更具潜力的固氮沙生灌木。