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61.
To clarify the relationship between the phylogeny and infectivity of isolates of Podosphaera fuliginea s. lat. (= Sphaerotheca fuliginea s. lat.) from cosmos and cucumber, more than 50 powdery mildew isolates from these two plants were subjected to nucleotide sequencing
or PCR-RFLP analysis of the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and cross-inoculation tests. The isolates from both
cosmos and cucumber are genetically monotypic, and there are six nucleotide substitutions in the rDNA ITS region between isolates
from cosmos and cucumber. Cross-inoculation tests of these isolates revealed that isolates from cosmos are not pathogenic
on cucumber. Although isolates from cucumber produced conidia on leaves of cosmos in the laboratory, the conidial density
was much lower than that from isolates from cosmos. This result, as well as the fact that the cucumber strain was not isolated
from cosmos in fields, suggests that isolates from cucumber do not infect cosmos in the field. Therefore, powdery mildews
on cosmos and cucumber can be regarded to have become specialized for their hosts both genetically and pathogenically. The
present study reconfirms the close relationship between phylogeny and infectivity of powdery mildew fungi. Host specialization
may be a trigger that causes genetic divergence of powdery mildew fungi.
Received 28 June 2000/ Accepted in revised form 4 September 2000 相似文献
62.
Eric V VIRTUDAZO Hitoshi NAKAMURA Makoto KAKISHIMA 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2001,67(1):28-36
Phylogenetic analysis of sugarcane rusts based on sequences of ITS and the 5.8 S rDNA revealed two highly divergent ITS groups
among isolates of Puccinia sp. sensu Muta, 1987 and P. kuehnii specimens. Although there is sufficient divergence (exceeding normal intraspecific variation) between the ITS regions of the
two groups to support separation into different species, unusually high homology of the ITS group I sequences with those of
members of Cronartium and identical sequences of the D1/D2 regions of the LSU rDNA for all the isolates of “Puccinia sp.” and P. kuehnii that otherwise exhibited different ITS sequences, suggest that the two highly divergent sequences may have resulted from abnormal
genetic events leading to non-orthologous, intraspeciflc polymorphisms. The other sugarcane rust, P. melanocephala and the grass rusts, P. miscanthi and P. rufipes, were separated from “Puccinia sp.” and P. kuehnii and from each other in D1/D2 region analyses, indicating that D1/D2 region sequences may more correctly reflect phylogenetic
relationships in these rusts than do the ITS regions. Further studies to examine differences in patho-genicity or finer morphological
features within P. kuehnii that may be correlated with the high divergence in ITS sequences and experiments to determine if these two sequence types
represent intraspeciflc polymorphism are necessary.
Received 11 October 2000/ Accepted in revised form 24 November 2000 相似文献
63.
Diclofop-methyl resistance was evaluated in populations of Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) infected and uninfected with fungal endophyte ( Neotyphodium ). Survival was tested in susceptible populations using herbicide screening. The results served as inputs to a model for investigating the role of endophyte infection in the evolution of L. multiflorum resistance to herbicide. The tolerance of infected plants varied depending on the origin of the population and the herbicide dose. Only in some populations and at some diclofop-methyl doses did plants infected with these endophytes have higher survivorship than endophyte-free plants. The model demonstrated that endophytes might indeed play an important role in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, delaying the appearance of herbicide resistance. 相似文献
64.
A program of research named Towards an Integrative Biology (TAIB) has recently been promoted by the International Union of Biological Sciences, involving multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research. Studies of Miscanthus plants which emphasized the TAIB theme were undertaken. Miscanthus species are the most widely distributed and dominant species in Taiwan, growing everywhere from the coastal to mountainous areas, and from agricultural to polluted land. Particularly, the grasses grow well in habitats under environmental stresses. Physiological and genetic adaptations are fundamental mechanisms for these grasses' survival in stressful environments. Findings based on field measurements and laboratory analyses were able to elucidate some of the mechanisms of grasses adapted to stressful environments. Adaptive radiation occurred when most niches were open during the postglacial periods. Particularly, population discontinuity of the grasses was found on the Orchid and Green islets of Taiwan. Likewise, Miscanthus sinensis var. glaber and var. formosanus occupied lands from low to middle elevations of Taiwan, while Miscanthus transmorrisonensis appeared in the highlands above 2400 m. Phylogenetically, Miscanthus has evolved into various ecotypes, varieties and species in Taiwan as well as in other parts of Asia. The grass then evolved into Miscanthus floridulus , M. sinensis var. formosanus , Miscanthus flavidus , then to M. transmorrisonensis . Furthermore, the phylogeny of the Miscanthus sinensis complex of Taiwan was reconstructed by cladistic analysis on nucleotide sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers (nrDNA ITS) region and atpB - rbc L non-coding spacer of the chloroplast DNA. Rooted at M . floridulus the monophyly of M . sineneis was significantly supported by molecular evidence. The origin of this complex could be dated to the last glacial withdrawal about 20 000 years ago. 相似文献
65.
博斯腾湖生态环境的演变 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
本文叙述了近30年来博斯腾湖水位、容积、水质、芦苇资源、渔业资源、水生生物等的变化,并对博斯腾湖未来的环境演变作了预测。 相似文献
66.
宋志民 《湖南农业大学学报(自然科学版)》2002,(5)
七体是赋的分支 ,具有与其它赋类相区别的特点 ,其基本体制由西汉枚乘《七发》确立。七体在其流变过程中 ,招隐取代问疾成为题材上的突破 ,仕隐之辩为文人表述个人情性、价值取舍及德政标准提供了合适的途径。结构形式和语言运用上的创新也显示了作者们不囿于前人的努力 相似文献
67.
Sato Y Ohe K Murakami M Fukuyama M Furuhata K Kishikawa S Suzuki Y Kiuchi A Hara M Ishikawa Y Taneno A 《Veterinary research communications》2002,26(3):205-219
The molecular epidemiology of the infectious disease caused by feline calcivirus (FCV) in Japan was investigated by analysing the phylogenetic relationship among 21 Japanese field isolates, including the F4 strain, and 30 global isolates. Parts of the capsid gene (B–F) of the isolates were amplified by RT-PCR, and the amino acid sequences were compared with those from the global isolates. Thirty-seven and 14 out of a total of 51 isolates were clustered into two distinct genogroups, I and II respectively, by UPGMA and NJ analysis. Seven of the 21 Japanese isolates (33%) fell into group I together with 30 global isolates, while the other 14 Japanese isolates (67%) belonged to group II. The bootstrap repetition analysis of groups I and II formed by the NJ method gave a value of 99.0%. The 14 latter Japanese isolates were clearly separated from the isolates in group I, and they were different from any previously known FCV, forming a new genogroup, which implies that this lineage has been confined to Japan. Comparing the amino acid sequences shared by groups I and II, the amino acid at position 377 in B region was asparagine (Asn or Asp (NH2)) in group I, while it was lysine (Lys) in all the strains in group II. Similarly, the amino acid at position 539 in the F region was alanine (Ala) or proline (Pro) in group I, while it was valine (Val) in group II; glycine (Gly) at position 557 in group I was serine (Ser) in Group II; and phenylalanine (Phe) or leucine (Leu) at position 566 in genogroup I was tyrosine (Tyr) in group II. 相似文献
68.
69.
新疆人工灌溉绿洲的形成和发展演变 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:4
新疆人工灌溉绿洲形成的自然条件取决于水文、地貌、土壤和植被,并与社会经济因素和生产活动方式、生产发展水平及人口增长密切相关.塔里木盆地的古绿洲多分布在河流中下游三角洲上;老绿洲多在冲积扇中下部和冲积平原;新绿洲则多在老绿洲的外围和边缘.吐鲁番盆地在依靠火焰山泉水灌溉时,绿洲在火焰山以南;18世纪以后,绿洲主要分布在依靠坎儿井灌溉的地方;20世纪50年代后,实行渠、库、井联合灌溉,绿洲原地不断扩大.天山北麓平原,绿洲最初在交通和军事据点,后发展成一条河一小块绿洲.1949年后由于农垦事业的发展,才将小块绿洲扩大连接成绿洲带.伊犁河谷,起初依靠山溪小河灌溉,绿洲只是小块分布在伊宁和霍城.此后,引伊犁河水,开发的土地多在河谷平原的阶地上,整个伊犁河谷成为新疆最大的绿洲之一. 相似文献
70.
牛病毒性腹泻病毒(Bovine viral diarrhoea virus,BVDV)在我国发现有20多年,而在世界范珏来讲已有近100年的历史。由于牛病毒性腹泻病毒造成奶牛生产性能下降、繁殖障碍、持续感染等,是导劐集约化奶牛场严重亏损的重要原因。且牛病毒性腹泻导致的黏膜病致死率几乎1000A,已经严重阻碍养斗业的发展,但目前我国对牛病毒性腹泻还没有好的防控措施。文章对牛病毒性腹泻的发生历史总结,便于石牛病毒性腹泻病毒的诊断和预防中参考。 相似文献