水稻PP2Ac类磷酸酶蛋白质在盐胁迫下的表达

【目的】了解重要蛋白质的表达模式进而探讨水稻耐盐的分子机理。【方法】采用基于抗体的蛋白质组学策略,用免疫印迹（western blotting）调查了5个PP2Ac类磷酸酶蛋白质在苗期盐胁迫条件下的表达。【结果】发现在耐盐水稻品种兰胜中,OsPP2Ac-4的表达上调,在盐敏感的水稻品种9311中,OsPP2Ac-2、OsPP2Ac-3和OsPP2Ac-5的表达也发生了上调,但OsPP2Ac-4的表达下调。比较2个品种间PP2Ac蛋白质的表达,发现在正常生长条件下,PP2Ac蛋白质的表达没有显著区别且基本保持恒定,其表达变化仅发生在盐胁迫条件下。分析水稻MPSS数据库提供的苗期盐胁迫的转录数据,发现OsPP2Ac-2、OsPP2Ac-3和OsPP2Ac-5在盐胁迫条件下转录水平下调。【结论】发现了4个盐胁迫条件下表达发生变化的PP2Ac蛋白质。     

黄土高原不同苹果园土壤酶、有机质、微生物及树体产量品质的调查研究

测定了黄土高原苹果主栽区洛川县6个苹果园土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶的活性、土壤有机质的含量和微生物数量,调查了6个果园土壤微生物的分布情况,并对土壤酶活性、土壤有机质含量、土壤微生物数量及与苹果品质的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:①6个果园三种土壤酶活性均随着土层剖面加深呈现下降趋势。在0~20 cm土层范围酶活性较高,20 cm土层以下开始迅速下降,之后趋势减缓。②6个果园土壤有机质含量较低,平均为0.945%。③不同树龄果园微生物总量的变化为:盛果期果园(15 a)>老龄期果园(20 a)>幼龄期果园(7 a),微生物类群数量的分布规律为:细菌>放线菌>真菌,其中细菌和真菌的数量相差100倍以上。不同树龄的果园随着土层的深入,土壤细菌、放线菌和真菌在数量上均呈现出减少的趋势。0~20 cm的表层土是菌群分布比较集中的区域。④有机质与脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶均呈正向相关,r值分别为0.400、0.565和0.788,且三种酶之间也有很强的相关性。⑤三种土壤酶、土壤有机质、土壤微生物与苹果品质的5个指标之间均呈正相关,说明这三类因素可以影响苹果品质。     

Dietary calcium requirement and effects on growth and tissue calcium content of juvenile grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

A growth trial was conducted to estimate the optimum concentration of dietary calcium (Ca) for grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Triplicate groups of grass carp (4.52 ± 0.02 g) were fed diets containing graded levels (2.75, 4.51, 6.24, 7.99, 9.66 and 11.5 g kg^?1) of Ca for 8 weeks. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio were linearly increased up to the 7.99 g kg^?1 dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P < 0.05). Dietary Ca levels higher than 7.99 g kg^?1 significantly increased the ash contents of whole body, vertebrae and scales. Ca contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales were linearly increased up to the 7.99 g kg^?1 dietary Ca and then maintained stable beyond this level (P < 0.05). In contrast, dietary Ca levels higher than 9.66 g kg^?1 significantly decreased Mg contents in whole body, vertebrae and scales. Dietary Ca levels higher than 7.99 g kg^?1 significantly increased plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. However, plasma Ca, P and Mg contents were not significantly affected by dietary Ca supplements (P > 0.05). Polynomial regression analysis indicated that 10.4 g kg^?1 dietary Ca was required for maximal tissue storage and mineralization as well as optimal growth.     

汞对罗非鱼血细胞和肝脏碱性磷酸酶活性的影响

测定暴露于不同汞离子浓度下的罗非鱼(Tilapia niloticus)的肝脏碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性,同时取其血液进行血细胞计数,制作血涂片、染色测定其微核细胞率和核异常率。结果表明:随着汞离子浓度的上升,罗非鱼的肝脏碱性磷酸酶活性下降;与对照相比,罗非鱼血细胞核异常率、微核率显著增加,白细胞数目增加,但红血细胞变化不大。表明罗非鱼外周血微核标记和肝脏碱性磷酸酶活性能够灵敏地指示水环境中的汞污染。     

Pseudomonas putida improved soil enzyme activity and growth of kasumbha under low input of mineral fertilizers

Effective management of the nutrients and enzyme activity in the soil is necessary for maximum crop growth and productivity. However, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers (CFs) not only adversely affects the soil nutrient status and soil physicochemical properties but also aids pollution to the ecosystem. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of single as well as combined applications of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and agrochemicals on important soil enzyme activities and their impact on the growth of kasumbha (safflower). Pseudomonas putida (P. putida;10⁶ cells/mL) was applied as seed inoculation prior to sowing, and CFs were applied as full, half, and quarter doses during sowing to modulate the growth of kasumbha host plants. P. putida in combination with half dose of CFs (PH) increased the soil urease and phosphatase activities, while P. putida combined with quarter dose of CFs (PQ) augmented the soil invertase activities. Moreover, the PQ treatment exhibited the maximum colony-forming units of P. putida. Leaf chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein contents, and root lengths were increased by PH treatment. Whereas, shoot length and leaf area were improved by PH and PQ treatments, respectively. Leaf protease activity was enhanced by P. putida in combination with full dose of CFs and PQ treatments, while leaf phosphate contents were significantly improved by PQ treatment. It can be concluded that P. putida in combination with half as well as quarter doses of CFs is a promising approach for the improvement of soil enzyme activities and growth of kasumbha and replacing 50% of the use of CFs.     

Interactive effects of biochar and micronutrients on faba bean growth,symbiotic performance,and soil properties

Leguminous crops are significantly involved in the global symbiotic biological N₂ Fixation (BNF), an eco‐friendly process in the agriculture system. Biochar is considered as a vital amendment in improving growth and quality of crops and soils. Few investigations have been conducted to determine the combination effect of biochar with microelements on growth of legumes and soil properties. This study was designed to study the effect of soybean straw‐derived biochar (SSDB) with or without microelements on soil microbial and chemical properties, growth, yield, and seed chemical composition of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Results revealed that dehydrogenase (DHA) and phosphatase (P‐ase) activities were markedly improved with the increase of SSDB rates under addition of microelements and their highest values were recorded after 90 d. Significant increases were noticed in nodulation activities, nodulation numbers (30.1–72.8), concentrations of N (1.62–1.93%), P (0.15–0.21%), and K (0.53–0.67%), and seed chemical constituents due to the addition of SSDB in the presence of microelements. Moreover, the combination of biochar with microelements caused significant changes in microbial counts. Overall, this investigation shows the potential and role of SSDB in enhancing the growth quality of faba bean seeds as well as an improvement of soil characteristics.     

城市污泥施入对不同类型土壤磷酸酶活性的影响

[目的]研究长江三角洲地区施入城市污泥对不同类型土壤中磷酸酶活性的影响,为城市污泥的安全农业利用和环境保护提供重要的科学依据。[方法]通过室内培养试验,以长江三角洲地区的4种不同类型土壤和2种城市污泥为研究对象,研究了不同培养时间后2种城市污泥施入对不同类型土壤磷酸酶活性的影响。[结果]在整个培养期内,与对照土壤相比,不同类型的施污泥土壤磷酸酶活性的变化趋势和变化量均不同。但总体来讲,与培养初期（15d）相比,培养后期（105d）绝大部分处理土壤中磷酸酶活性变化不明显。土壤磷酸酶活性的变化与土壤性质、污泥性质等有关。土壤和污泥pH值、氮、磷、有机质等性质及污泥的有机、无机污染物的含量等可不同程度地影响土壤磷酸酶活性的变化。[结论]在整个培养期内,与对照土壤相比,城市污泥处理的绝大部分土壤中磷酸酶活性变化不明显。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲草产量与土壤酶的影响

 【目的】为苏丹草-黑麦草这一新型种植制度的科学施肥、土壤肥力的改善提供依据。【方法】采用4年苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作定位试验研究氮、磷、钾肥对饲草产量、土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的影响。【结果】氮、磷、钾肥配施(NPK处理)明显增加苏丹草、黑麦草鲜草产量,4个年度的饲草总产量在各个处理中均最高,分别比NP(氮、磷肥配施)处理增产17.9%、17.3%、21.7%、23.2%,分别比NK(氮、钾肥配施)处理增产26.9%、20.2%、23.3%、25.9%,分别比PK(磷、钾肥配施)处理增产312..9%、339.8%、231.7%、223.1%,且效果显著。苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,NPK处理的土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶高于CK、PK处理,部分达到显著水平,与NP、NK处理相当;土壤磷酸酶以碱性磷酸酶为主,苏丹草、黑麦草试验期NP、NK、NPK处理的碱性磷酸酶均显著低于CK、PK处理。【结论】苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,氮、磷、钾肥配施能够明显提高饲草产量,影响土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,从而改善土壤肥力。     

磷水平对杂交水稻及其亲本根系酸性磷酸酶活性的影响

为了解优良亲本和杂交组合的磷营养遗传特性,以7份亲本及其4个组合为材料,采用水培试验研究了不同磷水平对水稻亲本及其杂交组合根系酸性磷酸酶(APase)活性的影响。在低磷条件下,磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B的APase活性较对照增加不显著,而磷高效型保持系材料D62B和D83B则通过显著提高根系APase活性增强了对磷胁迫环境的适应性。磷高效型恢复系材料R892和R527在分蘖期和孕穗期的APase活性均较对照显著提高,而磷低效型恢复系材料R549和R781除在分蘖期APase活性增加明显外,在孕穗期和灌浆期APase活性与对照差异不显著。不同亲本配制的杂交稻在低磷水平下,根系APase活性增加的幅度有所不同。磷低效型杂交组合Ⅱ优549分蘖期、孕穗期和灌浆期根系的APase活性在不同供磷水平下差异不显著;磷高效型杂交组合D83A/R527在低磷水平下3个时期APase活性均明显提高。由磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B与磷低效型恢复系材料R549配制的Ⅱ优549,根系APase活性受低磷胁迫增幅不大;磷高效型保持系材料D83B与磷高效型恢复系材料R527配制的D83A/R527,根系APase活性在低磷水平下上升显著;磷低效型保持系材料Ⅱ-32B与磷高效型恢复系材料R892配制的Ⅱ优892,以及磷高效型保持系材料D62B与磷低效型恢复系材料R781配制的D62A/R781,受低磷胁迫时根系APase活性上升幅度介于磷低效组合Ⅱ优549和磷高效组合D83A/R527之间。     

Biological Activities of Aqueous and Organic Extracts from Tropical Marine Sponges

We report on screening tests of 66 extracts obtained from 35 marine sponge species from the Caribbean Sea (Curaçao) and from eight species from the Great Barrier Reef (Lizard Island). Extracts were prepared in aqueous and organic solvents and were tested for hemolytic, hemagglutinating, antibacterial and anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, as well as their ability to inhibit or activate cell protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). The most interesting activities were obtained from extracts of Ircinia felix, Pandaros acanthifolium, Topsentia ophiraphidites, Verongula rigida and Neofibularia nolitangere. Aqueous and organic extracts of I. felix and V. rigida showed strong antibacterial activity. Topsentia aqueous and some organic extracts were strongly hemolytic, as were all organic extracts from I. felix. The strongest hemolytic activity was observed in aqueous extracts from P. acanthifolium. Organic extracts of N. nolitangere and I. felix inhibited PP1. The aqueous extract from Myrmekioderma styx possessed the strongest hemagglutinating activity, whilst AChE inhibiting activity was found only in a few sponges and was generally weak, except in the methanolic extract of T. ophiraphidites.