Optimization potential for perception-oriented appearance classification by simulated sawing of computed tomography-scanned logs of Norway spruce

Abstract

Wood, as a natural material, has favourable properties in both technical and aesthetic aspects. Due to its inherent variability, production of high-quality sawn timber demands adequate control of log conversion, which is feasible with computed tomography (CT) log scanning. Existing appearance grading rules for sawn timber might not fully reflect people's visual perception of wood surfaces, and therefore, an alternative, more perception-oriented appearance classification could be beneficial. An appearance classification of sawn timber based on partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of knot-pattern variables was developed and tested. Knot-pattern variables derived from images of board faces were used in training PLS-DA models against an initial classification of the board faces previously established by aid of cluster analysis. Virtual board faces obtained from simulated breakdown of 57 CT-scanned Norway spruce logs were graded according to the developed classification. Visual assessment of the grading results indicated that the classification was largely consistent with human perception of board appearance. An initial estimation of the potential to optimize log rotation, based on CT data, for the established appearance grades was derived from the simulations. Considerable potential to increase the yield of a desired appearance grade, compared to conventional log positioning, was observed.     

Cryopreservation of boar semen. II: Effect of cooling rate and duration of freezing point plateau on boar semen frozen in mini- and maxi-straws and plastic bags.

The post-thaw motility and the acrosome integrity of semen from 4 boars frozen with a programmable freezing machine, in mini (0.25 ml) and maxi (5 ml) plastic straws and in 10 x 5 cm Teflon FEP-plastic bags (0.12 mm thick, 5 ml), were compared. The freezing of the semen was monitored by way of thermo-couples placed in the straws and the bags. Three freezing programmes were used, namely A: from +5 degrees C, at a rate of 3 degrees C/min, to -6 degrees C, held for 1 min at -6 degrees C, and followed by a cooling rate of 20 degrees C/min to -100 degrees C; B: a similar curve except that there was no holding time at -6 degrees C and that the cooling rate was 30 degrees C/min, and C: from +5 degrees C to -100 degrees C, with a cooling rate of 35 degrees C/min, followed by storage in liquid N2. Despite the freezing curve assayed, both the mini-straws and the bags depicted much shorter freezing point plateaus as compared to the maxi-straws. Post-thaw sperm motility as well as the amount of normal apical ridges were equally significantly higher when semen was frozen in mini-straws or in bags than in maxi-straws. Significant differences in these post-thawing parameters were obtained between the freezing curves used. The stepwise freezing procedure A appeared as the best alternative for boar semen, considering this in vitro evaluation.     

拱坝坝肩抗滑承载能力极限状态材料分项系数研究

对拱坝坝肩岩体抗滑稳定中承载能力极限状态设计表达式中的材料分项系数的取值进行了分析计算与探讨，提出了分项系数取值建议，供相关规范制定时参考。可靠度分析结果表明，按建议的分项系数取值方案进行设计，可使坝肩抗滑稳定在不同设计条件下，具有较佳的可靠度及一致性。     

Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

牛胚胎玻璃化冷冻技术的发展和应用概况

胚胎冷冻保存是动物胚胎工程的重要组成部分，它是胚胎移植技术在生产中推广应用的重要基础。和现在通用的常规冷冻法相比，玻璃化冷冻具有用时短，所需设备少和操作简单等优点，成为目前国内外胚胎冷冻保存领域发展新方向。本文就牛胚胎玻璃化冷冻的概念、方法和国内外发展状况做一简要综述。     

比格犬的繁殖技术Ⅰ.采精及精液冷冻

采用手握法采取比格犬精液,成功率为71.4％,平均射精量2.67mL;精液呈弱酸性,每次射出的精液分三段,精子主要在第二段,精子平均密度为2.105×10~8/mL;新鲜精液的活力为0.8～0.9;精液用两种稀释液稀释后在液氮中保存14～60d,解冻后,其孵活率分别为0.425和0.427.     

Improvement and Application on Back Propagation Network Based on Partial Least-squares Algorithm

This paper proposes a novel BP network model based on nonlinear iterative partial least-squares algorithm which can fit nonlinear data. The novel BP network model can reduce iterative step number and advance learning effieieney. This paper pretreats data by nonlinear iterative partial least-squares algorithms. The weights initialization of input floor and output floor are set by applying the loading weights of dependent variable and cause variable, the member of hidden nodes are set by applying factor numbers of nonlinear iterative partial leastsquares algorithm, the connection co- efficient is set by applying the connection matrix B. Performances of the BP, PLS, and PLS-BP are analyzed and compared. The results show that the PLS-BP has better fitting and forecasting than BP and PLS.     

散装小麦局部环流熏蒸杀虫实仓试验

针对小麦仓中下层局部生虫，采用粮堆局部处理机环流熏蒸，分两次投药，共计熏蒸处理时间为两周。实验证明：在处理部位PH3浓度100～300ppm可以保持12天左右，粮堆中的害虫全部杀死；经检查埋入粮堆的赤拟谷盗、谷蠹和玉米象，成虫死亡率100％，对虫粮培养42天后，检查F1代为零。