复合高效配方药剂对甘蔗梢腐病防控效果评价

为了筛选防控甘蔗梢腐病的复合高效配方药剂及精准施药技术, 为甘蔗梢腐病精准高效防控提供新产品、新技术支撑, 选用多菌灵、苯菌灵、百菌清、嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、苯甲·嘧菌酯6种药剂进行田间药效试验和生产示范验证。结果表明, 3个配方药剂50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂1 500 g/hm2+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂1 500 g/hm2、50%苯菌灵可湿性粉剂1 500 g/hm2+75%百菌清可湿性粉剂 1 500 g/hm2和25%吡唑醚菌酯悬浮剂600 mL/hm2分别与磷酸二氢钾2 400 g/hm2和农用增效助剂300 mL/hm2复配后对甘蔗梢腐病均具有良好的防治效果, 其病株率均在8.62%以下, 防效均达90.73%以上, 较空白对照甘蔗实测产量平均增加15 489 kg/hm2以上, 糖分增加1.8%以上, 每公顷用药成本仅270元。本研究显示3个配方药剂是防控甘蔗梢腐病理想的复合高效配方药剂, 可在7月－8月发病初期人工和无人机飞防叶面喷施、7~10 d喷1次, 连喷2次, 可有效控制甘蔗梢腐病暴发流行。     

三七超窄行气吸式精密排种器设计与试验

三七播种行株距均为50 mm左右,属于密集型精密播种。为实现三七超窄行精密播种,设计一种超窄行气吸式精密排种器。通过理论计算与数值模拟,确定主要结构参数;以云南文山三七种子为播种对象,基于EDEM离散元软件,对水滴形窝眼孔加工倾角影响充种性能进行仿真模拟试验,得出较佳加工倾角为50°;以吸孔负压、排种轮转速和种层高度为影响因素,以合格指数、重播指数、漏播指数和各行排量一致性变异系数为试验指标,进行三因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验。试验结果表明:影响合格指数的主次顺序为吸孔负压、排种轮转速、种层高度;当种层高度为50 mm、排种轮转速为34～48 r/min、吸孔负压为560～660 Pa时,合格指数大于93. 0%,重播指数小于3. 5%,漏播指数小于3. 5%,各行排量一致性变异系数小于3. 0%,满足三七播种要求。     

Genome-edited crops: how to move them from laboratory to market

Recent breakthroughs in CRISPR technology allow specific genome manipulation of almost all crops and have initiated a revolution in precision crop breeding. Rationally-based regulation and widespread public acceptance are needed to propel genome-edited crops from laboratory to market and to translate this innovative technology into agricultural productivity.     

精密播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统研究

为实现精密播种作业中播种下压力和播深的实时监控和质量评价,设计了一种多行播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统。系统采用基于角度和轴销传感器的播深和下压力测量装置,优化设计了液压驱动和分区控制的气压驱动装置,开发了基于CoDeSys(Controlled development system)编程环境的智能终端交互界面和ECU(Electronic control unit)控制程序,实现了基于CAN总线通信的作业参数监测控制和质量评价。通过搭建的室内试验台完成了播深和下压力静态建模试验,建立了适应不同设定播深的下压力测量模型。分区控制系统响应测试试验表明,在调节范围(0.2~0.6 MPa)内,系统超调量低于5.97%;响应时间与控制行数和设定气压正相关;在设定气压(0.1~0.6 MPa)范围内,6行播种机调节时间不超过2.35 s。为测试系统工作性能,在25、50、75 mm 3种设定播深下,对左区控制(600 N)、右区控制(300 N)、机械调节和自重调节4种控制方式进行了田间性能试验。土壤压实和播种下压力控制效果试验表明,主动分区控制方式可实现更为稳定的土壤紧实度,且在浅旋地块环境下,右区控制方式可达到最优的下压力稳定性,其控制合格率不小于95.78%;播深控制效果试验表明,随着设定播深的增大,播深质量显著降低,在设定播深25~75 mm范围内,左区控制、右区控制、机械调节和自重调节对应的最小播深合格率分别为91.92%、92.53%、70.44%和58.72%,对应的最大标准差分别为2.22、3.11、3.69、7.70 mm,对应的最大变异系数分别为3.52%、4.40%、4.96%和14.01%。相比机械调节和自重调节,分区控制系统提高了单体下压力和播深稳定性。     

柔性机械式大豆精量排种器设计与试验

针对免耕播种作业时沙土和碎秸等飘浮物被气吸式排种器吸入充种室内,导致排种工作部件损坏、排种质量降低等问题,设计了一种柔性清护种机械式大豆精量排种器。对排种器工作过程进行理论分析,确定了影响工作性能的主要结构与工作参数;通过单因素对比试验确定了对排种性能影响最小的护种毛刷材料;采用三因素五水平二次正交旋转中心组合试验方法,以作业速度、充种倾角、护种距离为试验因素,以合格指数、漏播指数、重播指数和破损指数为评价指标,应用Design-Expert 8.0.6.1软件对试验结果进行方差分析。结果表明：各因素对合格指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、护种距离、充种倾角,各因素对漏播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角,各因素对重播指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为作业速度、充种倾角,护种距离影响不显著,各因素对破损指数的影响显著性由大到小依次为护种距离、作业速度、充种倾角;当作业速度为8~12km/h、充种倾角70°、护种距离为-1.5mm时,排种合格指数大于94%、漏播指数小于3%、重播指数小于3%、破损指数小于0.2%,满足免耕大豆高速精量播种作业要求。     

磨削自适应控制中在线测量尺寸和圆度的精度分析

本文用富里哀分析的方法,建立了磨削自适应控制系统中在线测量圆度的数学模型,分析了传感器静动态特性及工艺因素对在线测量尺寸和圆度的精度影响。通过大量对比实验,建立了传感器在线测量和圆度仪离线测量圆度之间的函数关系。     

基于行业发展需要的汽车精密制造重点项目选择分析

在广泛调研国际国内汽车精密制造技术与装备发展现状及趋势、深入分析国内汽车行业当前形势和需求的前提下 ,提出在“十一五”期间我国汽车精密制造技术与装备的重点发展项目建议 ,并对各发展项目的技术现状、研究目标和重要意义进行较详细分析 .为有关部门确定我国汽车精密制造技术与装备的发展方向提供有价值的参考 .     

Weed Detection Using Canopy Reflection

For site-specific application of herbicides, automatic detection and evaluation of weeds is desirable. Since reflectance of crop, weeds and soil differs in the visual and near infrared wavelengths, there is potential for using reflection measurements at different wavelengths to distinguish between them. Reflectance spectra of crop and weed canopies were used to evaluate the possibilities of weed detection with reflection measurements in laboratory circumstances. Sugarbeet and maize and 7 weed species were included in the measurements. Classification into crop and weeds was possible in laboratory tests, using a limited number of wavelength band ratios. Crop and weed spectra could be separated with more than 97% correct classification. Field measurements of crop and weed reflection were conducted for testing spectral weed detection. Canopy reflection was measured with a line spectrograph in the wavelength range from 480 to 820 nm (visual to near infrared) with ambient light. The discriminant model uses a limited number of narrow wavelength bands. Over 90% of crop and weed spectra can be identified correctly, when the discriminant model is specific to the prevailing light conditions.     

城镇用地扩张的遥感监测研究进展

快速的城镇化进程使得城镇用地不断扩大,这已成为我国耕地锐减的主要原因之一。加强城镇用地的动态监测,协调城镇发展与耕地占用之间的矛盾,正日益受到重视,其中运用遥感技术对城镇用地扩张进行监测研究,已成为该领域研究的核心内容。     

Spatial Variability of Agricultural Soil Fertility Parameters in a Gleyic Podzol of Belgium

Precise information about the spatial variability of soil nutrients is essential in developing site-specific management, e.g., variable rate application of nutrients. In this study 5 fields (4 grassland, 1 arable land) on a Gleyic Podzol, each of about 1 ha, were sampled according to a 20 m×20 m grid. On these samples pH, carbon content and nutrient status (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) were measured. The variogram analysis of the different soil fertility parameters revealed quite different ranges for these parameters. Carbon content, pH and calcium have high ranges, between 110 and 170 m. On the other hand, ranges for potassium and sodium are much smaller, 60 m and 30 m respectively. For the elements potassium and sodium, high coefficients of variation are found, especially on the grassland fields. These differences in ranges of spatial relationship indicate that the sampling strategy for estimating variability of soil fertility, should be adopted to the different selected soil parameters and the soil use.