耕地土壤有机质空间变异性的随机模拟

有机质是土壤重要的肥力特征,研究盐渍土改良区耕地土壤有机质空间变异特征可为土壤质量提升提供科学依据。以山东省禹城市盐渍土改良区典型地块耕地土壤有机质为研究对象,在全面野外调查和室内化验分析以获得大量的土壤有机质相关信息的基础上,运用地统计学方法对有机质进行了序贯高斯模拟各次实现（SGSV）、序贯高斯模拟平均实现（SGSA）和ordinary Kriging插值（OK）,并将SGSV、SGSA、OK与实测数据进行了统计参数、变异函数、空间分布趋势等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明OK、SGSA改变了有机质数据的空间结构,具有“平滑”效应,SGSA在消除平滑影响方面优于Kriging插值;SGSV具有与实测数据相同的空间自相关结构,对预测点的模拟值具有不确定性,为揭示研究区域土壤有机质的空间结构特征提供了有力的工具,对盐渍土改良区土壤有机质空间不确定性的风险研究具有更实际的意义。     

养殖场鸡粪在蔬菜上的合理安全施用技术研究

研究以不同方式施用生物有机肥、腐植酸和集约化养殖禽畜粪肥等对菜心产量和品质的影响,探讨适用于集约化菜地的禽畜粪合理施用技术。设无机肥、生物有机肥、腐植酸、鸡粪和复合芽孢杆菌等不同组合处理,进行连续六茬菜心田间试验,研究比较不同处理对菜心产量、品质、大肠杆菌群数量和重金属累积的影响。结果表明,连续六茬3000 kg/hm2鸡粪+复合芽孢杆菌处理菜心产量均为最高且均显著高于单施无机肥处理,复合芽孢杆菌堆沤鸡粪处理产量次之。所有处理间可溶性糖与维生素C含量变化均未表现出明显规律,鸡粪+芽孢杆菌处理除第一茬外的其它五茬菜心亚硝酸盐含量和大肠杆菌群数量均较低。六茬菜心Cu、Zn和As含量均没有明显差别且未超过国家食品卫生标准。在施用无机肥基础上配施适量重金属含量低于我国肥料重金属限值的鸡粪,并在菜心生长过程中淋施复合芽孢杆菌,不但提高菜心产量,而且保障菜心品质安全,是集约化养殖禽畜粪肥在集约化菜地的合理安全施用方式。     

腐植酸对水稻产量、品质及土壤特性的影响

在农业生产中,腐植酸具有促进生长、提高肥效、增强抗逆性、改善品质及改良土壤的作用.本文综述了腐植酸对水稻生长发育、产量形成、稻米品质以及土壤特性的影响,展望了腐植酸今后的应用研究,如与化肥适宜的配施比例、施用浓度等,以期为水稻优质、高产、稳产及高效栽培提供依据.     

肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式

为了确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成模式,分别选用0,14,28,42日龄的Arbor Acres公母肉仔鸡各6只,颈骨错位致死后分离羽毛和胴体,将胴体和羽毛分别加工处理,测定其粗蛋白质及各种氨基酸含量,并将各种氨基酸含量表示为占粗蛋白质百分比的形式。结果表明,性别对肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白的氨基酸组成没有影响(P>0.05);除胴体蛋白中天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、赖氨酸、色氨酸和羽毛蛋白中天冬氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸外,日龄对胴体和羽毛蛋白其他氨基酸组成模式均有显著影响(P<0.05),胴体蛋白中苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、胱氨酸、蛋氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、脯氨酸和羽毛蛋白中苏氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸和脯氨酸组成模式在14,28和42日龄间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。而胴体蛋白中缬氨酸、异亮氨酸和羽毛蛋白中蛋氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和色氨酸组成模式在不同日龄间差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。综合考虑认为,以14,28和42日龄的平均值作为确立肉仔鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白氨基酸模式的依据。     

Effect of lithological substrate on microbial biomass and enzyme activity in brown soil profiles in the northern Apennines (Italy)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial activity along forest brown soil profiles sequence developed on different lithological substrates (carbonate or non-carbonated cement in sandstone formations) at different altitudes. The main question posed was: does carbonate affect the biochemical activity of brown soil profiles at different altitudes? For the purpose of this study, four soil profiles with different amounts and compositions of SOM developed on different lithological substrates were selected: two with carbonate (MB and MZ) and the other two with non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations (MF1 and MF2). Chemical and biochemical properties of soil were analysed along soil profiles in order to assess the SOM quantity and quality, namely total organic C (C_org), water extractable organic C (WEOC) and humification indices (HI, DH, HR). Microbial biomass (C_mic and N_mic) content, as well as the specific activities of acid phosphatase, β-glucosidase and chitinase enzymes were chosen as indicators of biochemical activity. The soil biochemical properties provided evidence of better conditions for microorganisms in MB than in MF1, MF2 and MZ soil profiles, since patterns of microbial biomass content and activity might be expected in response to the amount and quality of organic substances. The different lithological substrates did not show any clear effect on soil microbial biomass content, since similar values were obtained in MF1, MF2 (with non-carbonated cement) and MZ (with carbonate). However, the specific activities of acid phosphatase (per unit of C_org and per unit of C_mic) were higher in soils with no carbonate (MF1 and MF2) than in soils with carbonate (MB and MZ). In conclusion, the biochemical activity along brown soil profiles was mainly regulated by different soil organic matter content and quality, while the two different lithological substrates (with carbonate or non-carbonated cement in the sandstone formations) did not show any direct effect on microbial biomass and its activity. However, the activity of acid phosphatase per unit of C was particularly enhanced in soil with non-carbonate cement in the sandstone formations.     

Nitrogen isotopic composition of leached nitrate and soil organic matter as an indicator of denitrification in a sloping drained agricultural plot and adjacent uncultivated riparian buffer strips

In the small, agricultural, artificially drained Orgeval watershed δ¹⁵N values of leached nitrates and soil organic nitrogen were found to be significantly higher than the primary nitrogen (N) sources from which they are derived, namely, synthetic fertilizers, atmospheric deposition, and symbiotic or nonsymbiotic N₂ fixation (all with δ¹⁵N close to zero). In vertical soil profiles, the δ¹⁵N of organic N increased with depth, reaching higher values (up to 8‰) particularly at stations that were frequently waterlogged as judged from ochre iron traces, such as downhill field sites or in riparian buffer strips. Nitrification, volatilization, and denitrification are the main fractionating processes able to modify the isotopic composition of soil N. Using a newly designed algorithm for calculating the equilibrium isotopic composition of all soil N species, resulting from the average annual balance of their transformations, we show that the observed trends can be explained by the action of denitrification. We suggest that the isotopic composition of soil organic N can be used as a semiquantitative indicator of the intensity of denitrification integrated over century-long periods.     

Microbial respiration activities related to sequentially separated, particulate and water-soluble organic matter fractions from arable and forest topsoils

This study aimed to reveal differences in the relevance of particulate as well as water-soluble organic matter (OM) fractions from topsoils to the easily biodegradable soil organic matter (SOM). We selected eight paired sites with quite different soil types and soil properties. For each of these sites, we took samples from adjacent arable and forest topsoils. Physically uncomplexed, macro-, and micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle, as well as water-soluble OM fractions were sequentially separated by a combination of electrostatic attraction, ultrasonic treatment, density separation, sieving, and water extraction. The easily biodegradable SOM of the topsoil samples was determined by measuring microbial respiration during a short-term incubation experiment (OC_R). The organic carbon (OC) contents separated by i) the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM, ii) the macro-, and iii) the micro-aggregate-occluded organic particle as well as water-soluble OM fractions were significantly correlated with OC_R. The correlation coefficients vary between 0.54 and 0.65 suggesting differences in the relevance of these OM fractions to the easily biodegradable SOM. The strongest correlation to OC_R was detected for the OC content separated by the physically uncomplexed water-soluble OM indicating the most distinct relation to the easily biodegradable SOM. This was found to be independent from land use or soil properties.     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

Priming effects: Interactions between living and dead organic matter

In this re-evaluation of our 10-year old paper on priming effects, I have considered the latest studies and tried to identify the most important needs for future research. Recent publications have shown that the increase or decrease in soil organic matter mineralization (measured as changes of CO₂ efflux and N mineralization) actually results from interactions between living (microbial biomass) and dead organic matter. The priming effect (PE) is not an artifact of incubation studies, as sometimes supposed, but is a natural process sequence in the rhizosphere and detritusphere that is induced by pulses or continuous inputs of fresh organics. The intensity of turnover processes in such hotspots is at least one order of magnitude higher than in the bulk soil. Various prerequisites for high-quality, informative PE studies are outlined: calculating the budget of labeled and total C; investigating the dynamics of released CO₂ and its sources; linking C and N dynamics with microbial biomass changes and enzyme activities; evaluating apparent and real PEs; and assessing PE sources as related to soil organic matter stabilization mechanisms. Different approaches for identifying priming, based on the assessment of more than two C sources in CO₂ and microbial biomass, are proposed and methodological and statistical uncertainties in PE estimation and approaches to eliminating them are discussed. Future studies should evaluate directions and magnitude of PEs according to expected climate and land-use changes and the increased rhizodeposition under elevated CO₂ as well as clarifying the ecological significance of PEs in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The conclusion is that PEs - the interactions between living and dead organic matter - should be incorporated in models of C and N dynamics, and that microbial biomass should regarded not only as a C pool but also as an active driver of C and N turnover.     

Loss of low molecular weight dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON) in H2O and 0.5 M K2SO4 soil extracts

Soil extracts are routinely used to quantify dissolved organic nutrient concentrations in soil. Here we studied the loss and transformation of low molecular weight (LMW) components of DOC (¹⁴C-glucose, 1 and 100 μM) and DON (¹⁴C-amino acid mixture, 1 and 100 μM) during extraction of soil (0-6 h) with either distilled water or 0.5 M K₂SO₄. The extractions were performed at 20 °C, at 4 °C, or in the presence of an inhibitor of microbial activity (HgCl₂ and Na-azide). We showed that both glucose and amino acids became progressively lost from solution with increasing shaking time. The greatest loss was observed in H₂O extracts at 1 μM for both substances (>90% loss after 15 min). Lower temperature (4 °C) and presence of K₂SO₄ both resulted in reduced loss rates. The presence of microbial inhibitors effectively eliminated the loss of glucose and amino acids. We conclude that microbial transformation of LMW-DOC and DON during H₂O or K₂SO₄ extraction of soil may affect the estimation of their concentrations in soil. This finding has significant implications for methods that rely on chemical extractions to estimate LMW-C components of DOC and DON.