Mitigation of N2O emissions from grassland by nitrification inhibitor and Actilith F2 applied with fertilizer and cattle slurry

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is involved in both ozone destruction and global warming. In agricultural soils it is produced by nitrification and denitrification mainly after fertilization. Nitrification inhibitors have been proposed as one of the management tools for the reduction of the potential hazards of fertilizer-derived N₂O. Addition of nitrification inhibitors to fertilizers maintains soil N in ammonium form, thereby gaseous N losses by nitrification and denitrification are less likely to occur and there is increased N utilization by the sward. We present a study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and of the slurry additive Actilith F2 on N₂O emissions following application of calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry to a mixed clover/ryegrass sward in the Basque Country. The results indicate that large differences in N₂O emission occur depending on fertilizer type and the presence or absence of a nitrification inhibitor. There is considerable scope for immediate reduction of emissions by applying DCD with calcium ammonium nitrate or cattle slurry. DCD, applied at 25 kg ha^–1, reduced the amount of N lost as N₂O by 60% and 42% when applied with cattle slurry and calcium ammonium nitrate, respectively. Actilith F2 did not reduce N₂O emissions and it produced a long lasting mineralization of previously immobilized added N.     

辽宁西部半干旱地区油松纯林改造的研究

喀左县位于辽宁西部地区，现存大面积油松人工纯林，不仅改善地力和水土保持效益差，而且火险性强、虫害蔓延成灾、生长早期衰退。为改善其林分生态条件，提高林木生长量和综合效益，在中三家镇对25年生油松人工纯林进行改造试验。结果表明，选择山杏、刺槐、沙棘等乔、灌木树种，利用林间空地、林缘隙地、侵蚀沟壑和疏林地造林，在大面积油松纯林连片地区进行窄带状或块状砍伐后造林，5年后效益显著，林分相对湿度提高了2．2％，土壤有机质含量提高5．4％，土壤含水量提高9．8％，减轻土壤容重３％,林分虫害明显下降，油松树高、胸径生长量分别提高22．6％、19．8％。     

山地橄榄主要病虫害种类及其防治措施

介绍了山地橄榄2种病害：叶斑病、炭疽病；5种虫害：橄榄星室木虱、黑刺粉虱、恶性叶甲、橄榄枯叶蛾、橄榄野螟的主要特征和危害症状，并提出了防治措施。     

用RAPD技术筛选中国荷斯坦牛产奶量性状遗传标记

选用320条10碱基随机引物在由36头高产（305d产奶量〉8500kg）和32头低产（305d产奶量〈5600kg）中国荷斯坦牛所组成的2个DNA池间进行RAPD-PCR扩增，从中筛选出稳定性好、带型清晰且在2个DNA池间有明显差异的RAPD引物24条。用筛选到的24条引物对所有个体进行PCR检测，得到了5个与奶牛产奶量性状相关的RAPD标记，并对其中4个进行了克隆测序和SCAR标记转化以及生物信息学分析。结果表明：SCAR标记yield—s139与产奶量密切相关，应用电子克隆方法已将该标记由921bp延伸到2141bp，经同源性比较发现，此标记对应于奶牛基因组中LINEs家族中的一个重复元件，推测该元件附近可能存在与产奶量性状相关的QTLs或主效基因。     

造林新材料在岱山海岛造林中的应用

通过3种造林新材料在岱山海岛造林中的应用,观测它们对提高造林成活率的影响.结果表明:3种造林新材料对提高夹竹桃Nerium indicum造林成活率基本没有影响,科瀚98对枫香Liquidambar formosana和银杏Ginkgo biloba造林成活率影响较小.植树宝、科瀚98和GGR可显著提高女贞Ligustrum lucidum,重阳木Bischofia javanica,香樟Cinnamomum camphora和木荷Schima superba的造林成活率.图1表1参6     

Markers, old and new, for examining Phytophthora infestans diversity

Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans , is an ongoing threat to potato and tomato crop production worldwide and considerable fundamental and applied research is conducted with the long-term aim of improved disease control. Understanding the mechanisms, processes and rates of P. infestans evolution is an important factor in predicting the effectiveness and durability of new management practices. A range of phenotypic and genotypic tests has been applied to achieve this goal, but each has limitations and new methods are sought. Recent progress in P. infestans genomics is providing the raw data for such methods and new high-throughput codominant biomolecular markers are currently being developed that have tremendous potential in the study of P. infestans population biology, epidemiology, ecology, genetics and evolution. This paper reviews some key applications, recommends some changes in approach and reports on the status and potential of new and existing methods for probing P. infestans genetic diversity.     

烤烟适宜施氮量试验初报

试验结果表明,烤烟施氮量以90.0~112.5kg/hm2为佳,在此条件下,烤烟的产量和产值最高。     

放牧系统的稳定性与载畜量的研究

本文研究了具有不同消费函数的放牧系统的稳定性,并确定出相应的系统的安全容纳量和最大容纳量。本文中有些结论改进并推广了Noy—Mcir于1976年得到的关于载畜量的有关结论。     

鸭病毒性肝炎鸭胚灭活疫苗的研究

以鸭病毒性肝炎病毒Ⅰ型ATCC毒株接种健康鸭胚,收集致死的全胚组织作制苗材料,用福尔马林灭活,以麸氨酸钠终止其作用。先后试制疫苗11批,在试验室免疫雏鸭71只,经强毒攻击后,总的保护率为90.4％。本疫苗免疫雏鸭3天后可产生较坚强的免疫力,在室温至少可保存11天,在4℃可保存254天。经在江苏、安徽、广东等省推广应用200000头剂,均安全有效,颇受用户欢迎,对控制鸭病毒性肝炎的流行起了重要作用。     

An Epidemiologic and Economic Study of Respiratory Diseases in Two Conventional Danish Swine Herds. I: Prevalence of Respiratory Lesions at Slaughter and Their Effects on Growth

A total of 578 slaughter pigs from 2 Danish conventional farrow-to-finish operations (Herds A and B) were followed from an age of 14 days to slaughter. Pigs were weighed at 3 weeks intervals and at slaughter and an extended post mortem examination of the plucks was done. Comparison of growth rates in pigs with and without specific types of lesions by the t-test and those with multiple lesions with regression models demonstrated that Mycoplasma-like pneumonia, complicated pneumonia, anterio-ventral pleuritis, fissures and atrophic rhinitis significantly reduced mean daily gain and increased the time required to reach slaughter weight. The total impact of the lesions in Herd A was an estimated reduction in mean daily gain of 27 grams and a 2 day increase in the interval from 14 days of age until slaughter (MDG14). Decreases in MDG14 in Herd B were more substantial, 98 grams and 16.7 days. Reductions in mean daily gains during the interval from the fourth weighing until slaughter were 31 grams in Herd A and 137 grams in Herd B. Chronic dorso-caudal and parietal pleuritis, without other lesions present, had no significant adverse effects on growth rates in either herd. Interactions between lesions did not significantly alter the estimates. The R² values obtained for the regression models showed that the presence, absence or extent of lesions at slaughter explained only 13-27% of the variations in growth rates in the 2 herds.