亚硒酸对菊花切花衰老的影响

用0.1、0.2mg/L H2SeO3溶液瓶插菊花切花，结果表明，低浓度Se溶液可延缓瓶插菊花切花衰老，维持叶片相对含水量。降低膜透性，减少叶绿素与蛋白质降解，提高SOD活性，降低叶片MDA含量，维持叶片、花瓣还原糖含量。1.0mg/L的高浓度Se加速菊花切花衰老。     

牡丹呼吸速率和内源激素含量变化与开花衰老的关系

 以牡丹品种‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’为材料,研究开花和衰老过程中花瓣内源激素水平与呼吸代谢的变化。结果表明,随着花朵的发育,‘洛阳红’和‘胡红’呼吸速率均呈现典型的跃变特征,高峰分别出现在盛开期和半开期。牡丹开花后表现出花瓣中可溶性蛋白质含量下降和花色素苷积累的生理特征。牡丹在开花、衰老过程中内源IAA、ZR和GA3含量降低,内源ABA含量上升,‘洛阳红’属于类似乙烯跃变型,‘胡红’属于类似乙烯末期上升型。结果提示,牡丹在开花和衰老过程中花瓣内源激素代谢失衡是导致花瓣衰老的重要原因。     

Interaction of mineral and cytokinin supply in control of leaf senescence and seed growth in soybean explants

Abstract

The leaves of intact soybean plants (Glycine max. L. Merrill) characteristically turn yellow and abscise during pod maturation, and this may limit seed growth. We have used soybean expiants (excised 10 cm stem sections with a leaf and midfill pod attached) to study interactive effects of nutrient and hormone supply on leaf senescence symptoms and seed yield. Whereas mineral nutrients or cytokinin (zeatin) alone delayed development of visible leaf senescence symptoms in explants, a combination of mineral nutrients with zeatin acted synergistically to maintain green coloration throughout pod maturation and reduced declines in levels of leafsoluble protein and chlorophyll. The combination of complete mineral nutrients with zeatin gave seed yields equivalent to those in intact plants. Withdrawal of zeatin or individual mineral nutrients (particularly N and S) from the nutrient solution enhanced leaf senescence symptoms and reduced seed yields.     

肥力对冬小麦顺序和非顺序衰老茎同化物积累和转运的影响

【目的】研究在适肥和高肥水平下,顺序和非顺序衰老茎顶三叶和地上器官同化物积累及转运特性,为阐明小麦叶片非顺序衰老的生理生化机制提供理论指导。【方法】以生育后期(05-16)非顺序衰老发生率较高的小麦品种温麦19、豫麦19和兰考矮早8为材料,设高肥(尿素225kg/hm2,磷酸二氢铵337kg/hm2,春季追施尿素112kg/hm2)和适肥(尿素150kg/hm2,磷酸二氢铵225kg/hm2,春季追施尿素75kg/hm2)2个肥力水平,在小麦扬花期(04-22)、叶色倒置现象发生时期(05-16)和成熟期,分别采集参试小麦品种正置茎和倒置茎,测定2个肥力水平下顶三叶的绿叶面积及其叶片、叶鞘、地上营养器官、穗和籽粒的干质量,比较正置茎和倒置茎顶三叶各指标的差异。【结果】在适肥和高肥条件下,参试小麦品种正置茎绿叶面积均表现为旗叶倒二叶倒三叶,而倒置茎绿叶面积表现为倒二叶旗叶倒三叶。正置茎旗叶干物质积累量与倒二叶接近,均大于倒三叶;倒置茎倒二叶干物质积累量显著大于旗叶和倒三叶。正置茎和倒置茎顶三叶叶鞘干物质积累量均表现为旗叶叶鞘倒二叶叶鞘倒三叶叶鞘。正置茎地上营养器官花前同化物转运量、转运率和对籽粒的贡献率均大于倒置茎,而正置茎地上营养器官花后同化物转运量和对籽粒的贡献率均低于倒置茎。倒置茎籽粒千粒质量均显著高于正置茎。与适肥水平相比,高肥水平可以延缓叶片衰老,增加营养器官干物质积累量,减少营养器官花前同化物向籽粒的转运,提高千粒质量。【结论】在高肥和适肥条件下,参试小麦品种均有叶片非顺序衰老的发生,且生育后期小麦叶片的非顺序衰老有利于籽粒的充实。     

超高产水稻开花结实期间叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系

 对超高产水稻培矮64S/9311和协优9308从抽穗到籽粒成熟过程中剑叶中H2O2 、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）、组织自动氧化速率、脂氧合酶（LOX）及保护酶超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASP）的动态变化过程进行了测定。结果表明，协优9308的剑叶衰老较慢。2个材料的剑叶叶片衰老可能原因是叶片内SOD、CAT、ASP活性过早下降，LOX活性增加，进而导致膜脂过氧化，使活性氧代谢失调，引起叶绿素和蛋白质降解，培矮64S/9311的各项生理指标比协优9308早衰老，而且乳熟期是培矮64S/9311早衰的关键时期。     

钙对延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的作用机理

以叶绿素、蛋白质含量为衰老的生理指标，研究了不同ｐＨ、Ｃａ２＋对杂交水稻叶片衰老的作用。结果表明，不同ｐＨ影响叶绿素和蛋白质含量，最适ｐＨ为６．０；此条件下的Ｃａ２＋浓度为０．０１～２０．００ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ，低浓度的Ｃａ２＋提高叶片中叶绿素和蛋白质含量，提高超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性，降低丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量；随着Ｃａ２＋浓度升高，则作用减弱；最适浓度为０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ。Ｃａ２＋能延缓杂交水稻叶片的衰老，主要原因是由于Ｃａ２＋能提高叶片中活性氧防御酶的活性，降低活性氧的伤害作用。     

不同基因型大豆叶片生理特性的研究

为揭示自然界不同基因型大豆冠层温度是否存在分异,应用红外测温仪对5个大豆品种植株的冠层温度进行了长期观测,并同步测定了大豆主茎功能叶片的绿叶百分率、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量.结果表明,自然界存在冠层温度偏低的低温大豆种质即冷型大豆(如汾豆55、冀NF58)和冠层温度偏高的高温大豆种质即暖型大豆(如东大2号、渭豆20).在整个籽粒灌浆期,冷型大豆绿叶百分率、可溶性蛋白质含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均比暖型大豆优越,丙二醛(MDA)含量随生育期的推移积累速度也较暖型大豆明显慢.由此认为不同基因型大豆冠层温度存在分异,且温度型与功能叶片衰老特性的优劣有着紧密的联系.     

Yield, Leaf Senescence, and Cry1Ac Expression in Response to Removal of Early Fruiting Branches in Transgenic Bt Cotton

Two-year field experiments were conducted at Linqing, Yellow River valley of China, to study the plant response to the removal of early fruiting branches in transgenic Bt （Bacillus thuringiensis） cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.） from 2003 to 2004. Plants were undamaged and treated by removing two basal fruiting branches （FB） at squaring to form the control and the removal treatment, respectively. The plant height, leaf area （LA）, dry weight of fruiting forms （DWFF）, the number of fruiting nodes （NFN）, photosynthetic （Pn） rate, and levels of leaf chlorophyll （Chl）, N, P, K, and Cry lAc protein in main- stem leaves were measured at a 10- or 20-d interval after FB removal, and the sink/source ratio as indicated by NFN/LA and DWFF/LA was determined. FB removal significantly increased the plant height, LA, and plant biomass in both years. Lint yields were increased 7.5 and 5.2% by removal compared with their controls in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Significant increases in boll size （5.7 and 5.1%） were also observed in removal than in control for both years. Either NFN/LA or DWFF/LA was significantly reduced by removal before 40 d after removal; however, both NFN/LA and DWFF/LA were significantly enhanced by FB removal at 80 d after removal compared to the untreated control. There was no significant difference in fiber quality in the first two harvests between removal and control, but fiber strength and micronarie in the third harvest were significantly improved by FB removal. In terms of leaf Chl, Pn rate, levels of total N, P, and K in late season, leaf senescence was considerably delayed by FB removal. Levels of CrylAc protein in the fully expanded young leaves were considerably higher in FB-excised plants than in control, indicating FB removal enhanced CrylAc expression. It is suggested that the yield and quality improvement with FB removal may be attributed to the increased NFN/LA or DWFF/LA in late season and delayed leaf senescence, respectively. FB removal can be a potential p