Production of Induced Secondary Metabolites by a Co-Culture of Sponge-Associated Actinomycetes,Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163

Two sponge-derived actinomycetes, Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163, were grown in co-culture and the presence of induced metabolites monitored by ¹H NMR. Ten known compounds, including angucycline, diketopiperazine and β-carboline derivatives 1–10, were isolated from the EtOAc extracts of Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163. Co-cultivation of Actinokineospora sp. EG49 and Nocardiopsis sp. RV163 induced the biosynthesis of three natural products that were not detected in the single culture of either microorganism, namely N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-acetamide (11), 1,6-dihydroxyphenazine (12) and 5a,6,11a,12-tetrahydro-5a,11a-dimethyl[1,4]benzoxazino[3,2-b][1,4]benzoxazine (13a). When tested for biological activity against a range of bacteria and parasites, only the phenazine 12 was active against Bacillus sp. P25, Trypanosoma brucei and interestingly, against Actinokineospora sp. EG49. These findings highlight the co-cultivation approach as an effective strategy to access the bioactive secondary metabolites hidden in the genomes of marine actinomycetes.     

Rhizosphere microbiomes can regulate plant drought tolerance

Beneficial root-associated rhizospheric microbes play a key role in maintaining host plant growth and can potentially allow drought-resilient crop production. The complex interaction of root-associated microbes mainly depends on soil type, plant genotype, and soil moisture. However, drought is the most devastating environmental stress that strongly reduces soil biota and can restrict plant growth and yield. In this review, we discussed our mechanistic understanding of drought and microbial response traits. Additionally, we highlighted the role of beneficial microbes and plant-derived metabolites in alleviating drought stress and improving crop growth. We proposed that future research might focus on evaluating the dynamics of root-beneficial microbes under field drought conditions. The integrative use of ecology, microbial, and molecular approaches may serve as a promising strategy to produce more drought-resilient and sustainable crops.     

三尖杉内生真菌S19次生代谢产物的结构与活性

为探明三尖杉内生真菌S19的次生代谢产物的结构与活性,采用形态学特征和ITS序列鉴定菌株,利用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析和重结晶等方法对该菌株的发酵产物进行分离、纯化,并结合所得化合物的理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构,通过测试菌对其次生代谢产物进行活性测试。结果表明：菌株 S19为黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus ）,从其发酵产物中分离得到6个化合物,分别为5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）、麦角甾醇（2）、β-谷甾醇（3）、豆甾-7,22-二烯-3β,5α,6α-三醇（4）、胶霉毒素（5）和丁二酸（6）。黄曲霉（S19）可以大量产生5-羟甲基呋喃-3-羧酸（1）。化合物1对大肠杆菌抑菌活性较好,其 MIC 值为15．6μg／mL;化合物5对测试菌均有很好的抑菌活性。     

Micromonospora: An important microbe for biomedicine and potentially for biocontrol and biofuels

Micromonospora species have long been recognized as important sources of antibiotics and also for their unusual spores. However, their involvement in plant-microbe associations is poorly understood although several studies demonstrate that Micromonospora species function in biocontrol, plant growth promotion, root ecology, and in the breakdown of plant cell wall material. Our knowledge of this generally understudied group of actinomycetes has been greatly advanced by the increasing number of reports of their associations with plants, by the deployment of DNA cloning and molecular systematics techniques, and by the recent application of whole genome sequencing. Efforts to annotate the genomes of several Micromonospora species are underway. This information will greatly augment our knowledge of these versatile microorganisms.     

The Effects of the Environment Stress on the Plant Secondary Metabolites

Plant secondary metabolism results from the interaction between plant and environment (life and nonlife) during a long period of evolution of plant. Secondary metabolites are very important for plant to adapt to its surrounding and to improve its abilities of protecting itself and struggling for existence. The secondary metabolites are more relative and more homologous than the first ones. The variety of environment stress tremendously affects the forming of plant secondary metabolites.The progress of study about how the environment stress affects plant secondary metabolites forming is introduced.     

化学调节剂诱导转Bt基因棉花杀虫蛋白和主要抗虫次生物的变化

初步探讨了水杨酸和缩节胺处理转 Bt基因棉花后顶端嫩叶中 Bt杀虫蛋白和主要抗虫次生物发生的变化。结果发现 ,水杨酸和缩节胺处理不能明显影响转 Bt基因棉花顶端嫩叶中 Bt杀虫蛋白的表达量 ;适宜浓度的水杨酸和缩节胺处理能够明显提高转 Bt基因棉花顶端嫩叶中缩合单宁和芸香苷的含量 ;适宜浓度的水杨酸处理还能够明显提高转 Bt基因棉花顶端嫩叶中总抗虫萜烯类物质的含量 ;而缩节胺处理对转 Bt基因棉花顶端嫩叶中总抗虫萜烯类物质的含量影响不大。水杨酸和缩节胺能够在一定程度诱导棉花抗虫次生物的表达     

Plant secondary metabolites, biphenyl, and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin effects on aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl removal and microbial community structure in soils

Biphenyl and several plant secondary metabolites (PSM) (carvone, isoprene, limonene, naringin, and coumarin) and surfactant (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HP-β-CD)) have been shown to improve aerobic polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) removal by several bacterial species. The objective of this study was to determine whether these treatments also affect PCB removal and microbial community structure in a high organic matter soil (Pahokee soil series with 67% organic matter) and low organic matter soil (Woolper soil series with 6% organic matter), as determined by monitoring changes in PCB levels and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) profiles in laboratory microcosms amended with these compounds. Biphenyl enhanced di-chlorinated and tri-chlorinated biphenyl removal in both soils, but PSM did not improve removal of these congeners. On the contrary, HP-β-CD decreased PCB removal when used in combination with biphenyl. Two-way analysis of variance indicated that HP-β-CD significantly increased tetra- and penta-chlorinated biphenyl removal from the high organic matter soil, but not from the low organic matter soil. Principal components analysis of PLFA data indicated that HP-β-CD increased proportions of 18:1ω7c associated with Gram-negative bacteria, but decreased 10me16 and 10me17 lipid associated with Gram-positive bacteria, while biphenyl and PSMs had no detectable effects on soil microbial communities. PCB removal was not correlated to any PLFA. In conclusion, PSM previously shown to enhance PCB removal in soil-free systems were not effective in two divergent soils evaluated in this study, and HP-β-CB had increase, decrease, or no effect on PCB removal depending on types of PCB congeners, soils, and co-amendments.     

Field screening for genetic-based susceptibility to mammalian browsing

Browsing by mammalian herbivores is a major problem in plantation forestry. Seedlings are most vulnerable to browsing during establishment, making protection crucial during this period. Aside from reducing herbivore numbers, browsing can be controlled through the application of tree guards or chemical repellents. These methods are generally short-term options. A promising, potentially longer-term method of reducing browsing damage on plantations is to plant individuals with enhanced natural browse resistance. This requires the development of a rapid, cost-effective means of identifying germplasm with enhanced resistance. Here we present such a screening methodology.We planted Eucalyptus globulus seedlings from 22 different seedlots in randomised blocks along edge rows of six operational plantations. Seedlings were monitored for mammal browsing damage and growth for 2 years. Natural variation between E. globulus seedlots resulted in significant variation in the extent to which they were browsed. Differential browsing was evident just 10 weeks after planting, and caused a significant effect on tree growth after 2 years. Differential browsing was thought to be due to variation in levels of plant secondary metabolites (PSMs). The identification and selective planting of high PSM seedlots in high risk areas could be an effective management tool to reduce browsing in plantation forestry.     

诱导子在药用植物培养中的应用

诱导子在药用植物培养中具有重要作用,通过阐述诱导子的概念和类型、诱导子对植物次生代谢产物形成的影响等方面内容,以为相关研究提供参考。     

喷施非嗜食植物汁液对温室白粉虱的影响

温室白粉虱取食广泛,寄主繁多,但它也有非嗜食植物。非嗜食植物对温室白粉虱可能有很好的控制作用。研究了4种植物的汁液对温室白粉虱的影响,结果表明,供试植物的汁液对温室白粉虱都有很好的控制作用,使温室白粉虱落卵量减少65%以上。非嗜食植物次生物质在温室白粉虱的控制中会有良好的前景。