甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的质量评价及消毒功效研究

【目的】对甲酚纳米乳消毒剂进行质量评价和消毒功效研究。【方法】分别利用肉眼观察和离心法检测甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的外观性状和物理稳定性,染色法和稀释法鉴别其结构类型,透射电镜观察其微观形态,激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径大小,加速试验考察其稳定性,最后通过载体定量杀菌试验和物体表面现场消毒试验研究甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的消毒功效。【结果】甲酚纳米乳消毒剂外观澄明、均一,离心不分层,为水包油型纳米乳,乳滴呈规则的球形,平均粒径为(34.89±3.56)nm,粒径呈正态分布;在37℃贮存90d,主药甲酚的平均含量下降了9.62%,稳定性良好。体积分数0.5%和1.0%的甲酚纳米乳消毒剂分别作用3和1min以上时,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的平均杀灭率均大于99.90%;体积分数1%和高于3%的甲酚纳米乳消毒剂分别作用5和3min以上时,对自然菌的杀灭率均大于90%;甲酚纳米乳消毒剂的消毒效果与来苏儿无显著差异(P0.05)。【结论】甲酚纳米乳消毒剂水溶性好,刺激性气味小,稳定性好,消毒功效强,值得在临床中推广应用。     

Effects of a nanoemulsion with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin against monogenean parasites of Colossoma macropomum: A Neotropical Serrasalmidae

Monogeneans are ectoparasites that may cause losses in production and productivity in the aquaculture of Colossoma macropomum. Chemotherapeutics used in aquaculture usually have major adverse effects on fish; hence, the use of essential oils has been considered advantageous, but these are not soluble in water. Thus, the use of nanostructures to enhance water solubility of compounds and improve bioactivity may be very promising. This study investigated the antiparasitic activity of nanoemulsion prepared with Copaifera officinalis oleoresin (50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/L), against monogenean parasites from the gills of C. macropomum. The particle size distribution and zeta potential suggested that a potentially kinetic stable system was generated. The nanoemulsion from C. officinalis oleoresin achieved high efficacy (100%) at low concentrations (200 and 300 mg/L) after 15 min of exposure. This was the first time that a nanoemulsion was generated from C. officinalis oleoresin using a solvent‐free, non‐heating and low‐energy method. Moreover, this was the first time that an antiparasitic against monogeneans on fish gills, based on nanoemulsion of C. officinalis oleoresin, was tested.     

薄荷油纳米乳液消化规律与稳定性研究

研究了薄荷油纳米乳液在体外模拟消化过程中乳液包埋对其平均粒径、ζ-电位、游离脂肪酸释放率以及薄荷醇生物可利用度的影响。激光扫描3D共聚焦显微镜观察薄荷油纳米乳液的显微结构,研究发现薄荷油完全被SPI包埋,纳米乳液液滴呈球状形态,表明大豆蛋白完整地吸附于纳米乳液的油-水界面处,呈现出核壳状结构。高压均质处理制备的薄荷油纳米乳液的游离脂肪酸释放率及薄荷醇生物可利用度远大于薄荷油的对照组。薄荷油纳米乳液在模拟胃消化阶段,乳液的平均粒径、ζ-电位均变大,乳液的微观结构表明消化体系出现液滴聚合现象;在模拟肠液消化后,薄荷油纳米乳液的界面蛋白被水解,油滴被消化,乳液的平均粒径减小、ζ-电位绝对值增加。通过多重光散射稳定性分析仪检测薄荷油纳米乳液的稳定性,薄荷油稳定性指数为2.8,且检测过程中并未出现乳液上浮和絮凝等现象。     

麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液体系构建及其稳定性研究

利用水酶法处理麻疯树籽得到酶解液中的乳状液及水解液作为复合乳化剂,采用高压均质技术制备麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液。研究麻疯树籽酶解液中乳状液和水解液添加量,以及高压均质压力和均质次数对纳米乳液平均粒径、分散性指数(PDI)、ζ-电位、浊度、乳化产率和乳液稳定性指数(TSI)等性质影响,确定纳米乳液最佳制备工艺参数为:乳状液添加量15. 55%、水解液添加量45. 25%、高压均质压力91 MPa、均质次数4次。此条件下,纳米乳液平均粒径为297. 2 nm,TSI为2. 98,乳化产率高达92. 47%。通过超高分辨显微镜观测到麻疯树籽酶解液纳米乳液粒径均一、分布均匀,纳米乳液界面蛋白吸附量高达31. 20 mg/m~2。     

替米考星纳米乳的制备及其质量评价

【目的】制备替米考星纳米乳,并进行质量评价。【方法】通过伪三元相图法优选处方,以吐温-80为表面活性剂、无水乙醇为助表面活性剂、IPM为油相制备替米考星纳米乳,并对其形态特征、稳定性和体外药效进行评价。【结果】替米考星纳米乳的最佳处方是:替米考星5.5%,无水乙醇18.5%,吐温-80 27.5%,IPM 5%,蒸馏水43.5%(各组分含量均为质量分数)。替米考星纳米乳在透射电镜下呈圆形,激光粒度分析仪测定其粒径为10~25nm。经高速离心和在-4℃、室温、60℃条件下留样观察,外观均未见发生变化。替米考星纳米乳对巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌的最小抑菌浓度分别是1.95,3.9,7.81,3.9和1.95μg/mL。【结论】替米考星纳米乳为澄清透明的淡黄色液体,稳定性良好,对巴氏杆菌、无乳链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、致病性大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌均有较强的抑菌和杀菌作用。     

复方呋喃西林纳米乳对子宫内膜炎主要致病菌体外抗菌活性研究

用紫外分光光度计测定呋喃西林在3种油(IPM、橄榄油、石蜡油)和2种表面活性剂(RH40、Tween80)中的溶解度,采用转相乳化法制备复方呋喃西林纳米乳,利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和激光粒度测定仪分别考察其形态、粒径及其稳定性,并利用Kirby-Baueer(K-B)法和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)、最小杀菌浓度(MBC)测定法对奶牛子宫内膜炎主要致病菌的体外抗菌活性进行研究。结果显示,制备的纳米乳为澄清透明的球状液滴,平均粒径为67.2 nm;与传统的宫炎清、聚维酮碘溶液和呋喃西林水溶液剂相比,纳米乳对大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、无乳链球菌的抗菌活性较强,差异极显著(P<0.01)。制备的复方呋喃西林纳米乳是一种质量稳定、高效的抗菌剂。     

氯甲酚纳米乳消毒剂对真菌的杀菌作用

【目的】研究氯甲酚纳米乳消毒剂(CND)对真菌的杀菌效果及其作用机理。【方法】以白色念珠菌为指示菌,分别利用营养肉汤稀释法、悬液定量杀菌试验法、物体表面消毒模拟现场试验法、扫描和透射电子显微镜观察法,研究CND的体外抗菌活性、杀菌效果、模拟现场消毒效果及对真菌超微结构的影响。【结果】CND对白色念珠菌的MIC和MBC均为3 mg/mL。对白色念珠菌的杀菌效果随着其体积分数的增大和作用时间的延长而增强,体积分数0.5%CND作用15 min、0.6%CND作用10 min和0.8%CND作用5 min时,消毒合格;0.8%和1.0%CND分别作用10和5 min时,杀菌率均为100%。体积分数0.2%和0.5%CND的杀菌率极显著高于相同体积分数的氯甲酚溶液(P0.01),二者体积分数为1.0%时差异不显著(P0.05)。经体积分数0.8%CND作用10 min后,扫描电镜下白色念珠菌表面粗糙不平,皱褶明显,部分菌体表面出现裂缝;透射电镜下菌体形状发生改变,细胞壁变薄,且部分细胞壁局部有断裂或破损,部分真菌的细胞膜和细胞核边界不清,结构模糊,多数真菌的细胞质内部构造不清,不同真菌之间的胞浆内电子密度不同。【结论】CND对真菌的杀菌作用强,并能使白色念珠菌的超微结构发生改变。     

Green nanoemulsion‐laden glyphosate isopropylamine formulation in suppressing creeping foxglove (A. gangetica), slender button weed (D. ocimifolia) and buffalo grass (P. conjugatum)

BACKGROUND: Pesticides are developed with carriers to improve their physicochemical properties and, accordingly, the bioefficacy of the applied formulation. For foliar‐applied herbicide, generally less than 0.1% of the active ingredient reaching the target site could reduce pesticide performance. Recently, a carrier of nanoemulsion consisting of oil, surfactant and water, with a particle size of less than 200 nm, has been shown to enhance drug permeability for skin penetration in pharmaceutical delivery systems. In the present work, the aim was to formulate a water‐soluble herbicide, glyphosate isopropylamine (IPA), using a green nanoemulsion system for a biological activity study against the weeds creeping foxglove, slender button weed and buffalo grass. RESULTS: The nanoemulsion formulations displayed a significantly lower spray deposition on creeping foxglove (2.9–3.5 ng cm^?2), slender button weed (2.6–2.9 ng cm^?2) and buffalo grass (1.8–2.4 ng cm^?2) than Roundup^® (3.7–5.1 ng cm^?2). The visible injury rates of weeds treated with the nanoemulsion formulations were statistically equivalent to those relating to Roundup^® at 14 days after treatment, with a control range of 86.67–96.67%. CONCLUSION: It was hypothesised that the significant difference in spray deposition with equal injury rates can be attributed to enhanced bioactivity of the nanoemulsion formulations. This initial discovery could be the platform for developing better penetration of agrochemical formulations in the future. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

壳聚糖和纳他霉素对山药切口愈合效果的影响

[目的]为了研究出壳聚糖和纳他霉素对山药切口愈合的最适浓度组合.[方法]以'伊势芋'和'大筒早生'山药地下块茎为试材,分别设置质量分数1％的壳聚糖溶液和纳他霉素(0,0.5,1,2 g/L)4个质量浓度组合处理,以空白处理和清水为对照,研究壳聚糖和纳他霉素复合液对山药切口的愈合效果.[结果]壳聚糖和纳他霉素复合液对伊势芋和大筒早生山药切口具有一定的愈合效果,各质量浓度处理均有一定的抑菌效果,其中,1％壳聚糖溶液+1 g/L纳他霉素和1％壳聚糖溶液+2 g/L纳他霉素抑菌效果最好,抑菌率达到100％.从经济、环保方面考虑,1％壳聚糖溶液+1 g/L纳他霉素是山药切口愈合的最佳组合.[结论]为山药种薯切块切口愈合提供理论指导和试验支持.     

复方牛至油纳米乳防治奶牛临床型乳腺炎药效研究

为研究复方牛至油纳米乳防治奶牛临床型乳腺炎的效果,将临床型乳腺炎奶牛的乳区随机分为高、中、低剂量组和对照组4组。结果显示,高、中剂量组对奶牛临床型乳腺炎的治疗效果均显著优于低剂量组和对照组(P<0.05)。因此,临床上可用中剂量治疗奶牛临床型乳腺炎,对于症状较重的病例,可以适当提高用药量。