草甘膦对水生生物的毒性效应及环境安全性研究

报道了草甘膦对鱼、水蚤和藻类的毒性及剂量-效应关系.研究表明,草甘膦对麦穗鱼、蚤状蚤和斜生栅藻的急性毒性均属低毒,其中蚤状蚤对草甘膦较敏感.残留试验结果还表明鱼塘水中草甘膦的消失迅速,施药后6 d,残留量低于0.01 mg/L,草甘膦残留在鱼塘沉积物上吸附快而消失较慢.     

生物防护在高速公路上的应用

在“建设绿色通道”的理念指导下,生物防护作为1种有效地绿化美化边坡、稳定石质边坡得到广泛使用。本文介绍了其中的护坡技术。     

啤酒花有害生物无公害治理关键技术

针对新疆啤酒花生产过程中,啤酒花霜霉病和叶螨等主要病虫害防治压力大,产品存在农药等有害物质残留超标的风险问题,提出了以优化啤酒花种植区生态环境、加强栽培管理,推广矿物源、生物源农药及农药无害化使用技术等无公害治理的关键技术与策略.     

Uptake and clearance of dietary DNA in the intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed conventional or genetically modified soybeans

The aim of this study was to examine the presence or absence of dietary transgenic (Roundup Ready^® soybean – RRS^®) and soybean DNA (sRubisco) in the intestinal tract of Atlantic salmon fed either genetically modified (GM) or conventional (non‐GM) soybeans. Uptake of dietary DNA was evaluated in the post gastric intestine (pyloric ceca – PC, mid intestine – MI and distal intestine – DI) after continuous feeding (6 months), feed restriction and re‐feeding using qPCR and in situ hybridization. No transgenic DNA fragments were detected in any of the intestinal samples using event specific primers. Soybean DNA was detected in all segments of the intestinal tissue (PC, MI and DI) and visualized in the cell vacuolar system of the DI in the apex area of the intestinal fold. Dietary DNA was gradually cleared from the intestinal tissues when feed was restricted and could not be detected after 5 days. Re‐feeding resulted in dietary plant DNA uptake after 2 h. The results show that the salmon intestine is able to take up dietary plant DNA shortly after feed intake and that one of the factors affecting uptake and clearance of nucleic acids in the various intestinal segments are the feeding status of the fish.     

基于轻量化深度学习Mobilenet-SSD网络模型的海珍品检测方法

为精确掌握水下海珍品养殖分布情况,摆脱传统上依赖人工潜水了解海珍品情况的方式,提出了一种基于轻量化深度学习的Mobilenet-SSD网络模型并用于海珍品检测,该方法对在渔船下方的水下摄像头所采集的海珍品图像实时进行目标快速检测。结果表明:采用本研究中建立的Mobilenet-SSD模型,在海胆、海参、扇贝等3种海珍品上建立数据集进行训练,可实现水下海珍品的精确识别,海胆、海参、扇贝的识别准确率分别为81.43%、86.02%、89.44%,总体平均准确率为85.79%;将Mobilenet-SSD网络模型分别与Tiny-YOLO和VGG-SSD网络模型进行比较,在相同设备上,Mobilenet-SSD网络模型相较Tiny-YOLO网络模型能更好地利用目标特征,同时较VGG-SSD网络模型节约80%的用时,实现了准确性与实时性的兼顾。研究表明,本研究中构建的Mobilenet-SSD网络模型,可用于水产养殖环境中水下海珍品的准确识别。     

Organic Substance Metabolism in Seeds of Sophora japonica during Germination

The metabolism of fats,proteins and carbohydrates and the change of enzyme activity in seeds of Sophora japonica during germination were studied by methods of Soxhlet‘s extraction,flow injection and colorimetric analysis of spectrophotometer for provding theoretical basis for germination and storage of seeds of forest trees.The results are as follows:(1) The activity of enzymes in the seeds does not always coincide with the increase or decrease of their corresponding substances during germination of the seeds of Sophora japonica.(2) Proteins were first utilized during germination of the seeds;(3)The fatty acids reducing sugar and amino acids in the radiele plumular axis were used psecedently over all others when the embryos grew.(4) excessive small-molecular substances produced by hydrolysis would accumulate in tissres and sometimes they were stored temporarily in the form of storage substances and finally uscd for embryo growth.     

微生物对生物降解膜降解过程影响的研究

制备微生物培养基研究地膜的降解过程 ,结果表明 ,加混合孢子悬液的降解膜降解率比未加的提高 0 .5 8%～ 0 .82 % ;加土壤悬液的降解膜降解率比未加的分别提高 1%左右。不同培养基比较 ,降解膜降解率的大小顺序为细菌培养基 >放线菌培养基 >真菌培养基。加大田土悬液的降解膜降解率最大。降解膜的降解率远高于普通膜 ,提高 3%～ 5 %。用液体培养法做检验试验的结果表明 ,混和菌有助于降解膜的降解 ;液体培养中降解膜的降解率大于固体培养 ,提高 2 %左右     

转基因食品标识的问题与困惑

随着转基因技术的发展与推广,转基因作物及其制成品渐渐进入人们的生活,转基因食品安全的监管显得日益重要。2001年我国出台的《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》中要求对所有的转基因食品(Genetically modified organism food,GMO food)进行标识,但没有明确需要标识的阈值。本研究介绍转基因食品标识制度,并对不同国家制度进行比较分析;从阈值计算方法和转基因成分检测技术两方面介绍阈值设计的技术基础;对阈值管理进行成本效益分析的结果表明,阈值管理会提升运行和管理成本,但不会提高消费者的支付意愿,原因主要在于消费者对转基因食品本身安全性的担忧。建议我国应加强转基因技术的研究,设置合理标识阈值,加强我国转基因食品安全管理。     

Effect of Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) on the Community Structure of Aquatic Organisms in Floodwater of a Japanese Paddy Field during the Flooding Period of Rice Cultivation

In the present study, the effect of free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) on the diversity and the community structure of aquatic organisms in the floodwater of a paddy field in northern Japan was evaluated. The varieties and the number of aquatic organisms ranging from 30 μm to 2 cm were compared four times at intervals of 20 d between the FACE (599 ppm CO₂) and ambient air (384 ppm CO₂) plots during the flooding period of rice cultivation. Aquatic organisms were classified mainly at the order level. Twenty-eight taxonomical groups were detected, and the number of groups in the FACE plots was significantly lower than that in the ambient plots. Zygnematales and Chaetonotida were less frequently detected in the FACE plots. The population densities of Zygnematales, and Chaetonotida also tended to be lower in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots in the late flooding period (after 50 d of flooding). No groups showed a significantly higher population density and frequency of presence in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots. The seasonal variations in the number of taxonomical groups and the community structure of aquatic organisms were less conspicuous in the FACE plots than in the ambient plots. We concluded that the FACE conditions adversely affected the communities of aquatic organisms in paddy fields.     

中国渤海海岸盐碱土及非盐碱土中土壤生物多样性

A plethora of information is available on the effects of salinity on plant growth and soil physico-chemical properties,but the effects on soil organisms are often neglected.Thus,a systematic investigation of how soil biodiversity,including bacteria,nematodes,mites,and earthworms,changes along saline gradients was conducted along the Bohai Sea coast at Laizhou City,Shandong Province,China,with 30 soil samples randomly selected and classified by salinity into two categories:saline and non-saline.Testing revealed a significantly higher abundance of the surveyed organisms in non-saline soils.The redundancy analysis showed that a negative correlation was observed between electrical conductivity and soil organism abundance in saline soil,but not in non-saline soil.Soil organic matter,available nitrogen,and total nitrogen all positively affected organism abundance in both saline and non-saline soils.The richness and Shannon diversity of nematodes were significantly higher in non-saline soils,but were not significantly different between soil types for other organisms.None of the environmental factors surveyed was obviously related to soil organism diversity.Consequently,our results suggested that soil electrical conductivity only negatively affected soil organisms in saline soil,while soil fertility positively affected soil organisms in both saline and non-saline soils.