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931.
The Zhanghe Irrigation System (ZIS), in Central China, has drawn attention internationally because it managed to sustain its rice production in the face of a dramatic reallocation of water to cities, industries and hydropower uses. Ponds, the small reservoirs ubiquitous in the area, are hypothesized to have been instrumental in this. Ponds are recharged by a combination of return flows from irrigation and runoff from catchment areas within the irrigated perimeter. They provide a flexible, local source of irrigation water to farmers. This paper assesses the storage capacity and some key hydrological properties of ponds in a major canal command within ZIS. Using remote sensing data (Landsat and IKONOS) and an area–volume relationship based on a field survey, we obtained an overall pond storage capacity of 96 mm (per unit irrigated area). A comparative analysis between 1978 and 2001 reveals that part of this capacity results from a very significant development of ponds (particularly in the smaller range of sizes) in the time interval, probably as a response to rapidly declining canal supplies. We developed a high-resolution digital elevation model from 1:10,000 topographic maps to support a GIS-based hydrological analysis. Pond catchments were delineated and found to extensively overlap, forming hydrological cascades of up to 15 units. In a 76-km2 area within the irrigation system, we found an average of close to five ‘connected’ ponds downstream of each irrigated pixel. This high level of connectivity provides opportunities for multiple reuses of water as it flows along toposequences. A fundamental implication is that field ‘losses’ such as seepage and percolation do not necessarily represent losses at a larger scale. Such scale effects need to be adequately taken into account to avoid making wrong assumptions about water-saving interventions in irrigation. 相似文献
932.
933.
As an alternative to ground-cover data collection by conventional and expensive sampling techniques, we compared measurements
obtained from very large scale aerial (VLSA) imagery for calibrating moderate resolution Landsat data. Using a grid-based
sampling scheme, 162 VLSA images were acquired at 100 m above ground level. The percent vegetation cover in each photo was
derived using SamplePoint (a manual inventory method) and VegMeasure (a reflectance based, automated method). Approximately
two-thirds of the VLSA images were used for calibrating Landsat data while the remainder was used for validation. Regression
models with Landsat bands accounted for 55% of the VegMeasure-based measurements of vegetation, whereas models that included
both Landsat bands and elevation data accounted for 67%. The relationship between the Landsat bands and the percent vegetation
cover measured by SamplePoint was lower (R
2 = 20%), highlighting the differences between the inventory and reflectance based protocols. Results from the model validation
indicated that the model’s predictive power was lower when the vegetation cover was either <20% or >55%. Additional work is
needed in these ecosystems to improve the calibration techniques for sites with low and high vegetation cover; however, these
results demonstrate the VLSA imagery could be used for calibrating Landsat data and deriving rangeland vegetation cover. By
adopting such methodologies the US Federal land management agencies can increase the efficiency of the monitoring programs
in Wyoming and in other western states of the US.
Mention of trade names is for information only and does not imply endorsement by USDA over comparable products or services. 相似文献
934.
Nicolas Tremblay Zhijie Wang Bao-Luo Ma Carl Belec Philippe Vigneault 《Precision Agriculture》2009,10(2):145-161
Nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates applied spatially according to crop requirements can improve the efficiency of N use. The study
compares the performance of two commercial sensors, the Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan (Yara International ASA, Germany) and the
GreenSeeker (NTech Industries Inc., Ukiah, California, USA), for assessing the status of N in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and corn (Zea mays L.). Four experiments were conducted at different locations in Quebec and Ontario, Canada. The normalized difference vegetation
index (NDVI) was determined with the two sensors at specific growth stages. The NDVI values derived from Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan
correlated with those from GreenSeeker, but only at the early growth stages, where the NDVI values varied from 0.2 to 0.6.
Both sensors were capable of describing the N condition of the crop or variation in the stand, but each sensor had its own
sensitivity characteristics. It follows that the algorithms developed with one sensor for variable-rate N application cannot
be transferred directly to another sensor. The Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan views the crop at an oblique angle over the rows and
detects more biomass per unit of soil surface compared to the GreenSeeker with its nadir (top-down) view of the crop. The
Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan should be used before growth stage V5 for corn during the season if NDVI is used to derive crop N
requirements. GreenSeeker performed well where NDVI values were >0.5. However, unlike GreenSeeker, the Yara N-Sensor/FieldScan
can also record spectral information from wavebands other than red and near infrared, and more vegetation indices can be derived
that might relate better to N status than NDVI. 相似文献
935.
抚宁县景观空间格局变化研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用ERDAS IMAGINE、ArcGIS和景观结构分析软件FRAGSTATS,对抚宁县1986年和2003年的景观格局进行了对比分析。结果表明:在景观尺度上,研究区景观破碎度加大, 结构更加复杂,多样性下降,各组成部分大小差距加大;在景观要素类型尺度上,耕地和林地作为主要类型优势进一步扩大,林地更加规则连片,耕地却更趋破碎化;园地、水域和未利用土地减小和破碎;建设用地迅速增加,但趋于破碎。 相似文献
936.
遥感监测土壤湿度的方法综述 总被引:14,自引:2,他引:12
通过对生态环境水热因子的遥感监测回顾,总结出定量地遥感监测土壤水分的方法主要有:微波遥感监测法、热惯量法、作物植被、亮温综合指数法和热红外法等,并对各方法的原理和具体的适用领域做了介绍和比较。 相似文献
937.
938.
小麦条锈病高光谱近地与高空遥感监测比较研究 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
小麦条锈病是我国小麦生产中的重要病害,对该病防治的关键是做好监测工作。本研究利用ASD手持野外光谱仪[ASD FieldSpec HandHeld FR(325~1 075 nm)]和热气球在近地与高空研究了发病小麦冠层的高光谱遥感数据特征,获得了近地和对应高空2个不同平台光谱数据。经比较分析,发现高空数据与近地数据之间存在明显而有规律的变异关系,即高空获得的光谱反射率在可见光谱区域明显大于近地获得的光谱反射率。进一步对差异最显著的绿峰580 nm和黄边610 nm处数据进行回归分析,获得了高空光谱反射率值与近地光谱反射率值之间的回归模型,为进一步研究利用高平台遥感监测小麦条锈病奠定了一定的理论基础。 相似文献
939.
940.
基于RS的黄河中游多沙粗沙区土地利用变化分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
据1975年的LandsatMSS、1986年和1997年的LandsatTM影像资料,运用遥感影像计算机自动分类方法获取土地利用信息,用GIS空间分析方法以及数理统计方法全面分析了黄河中游多沙粗沙区1975~1986年和1986~1997年两个时期内各土地利用类型的变化幅度、变化速度、数量变化的区域差异、变化方向以及变化方向的区域差异等.结果表明:后期土地利用类型间的相互转化有所增强;耕地、草地、林地和未利用地是本区土地利用变化的主导类型,耕地、草地与其它土地利用类型间的相互转化分布校广;后期耕地被居民地占用的面积和毁林开荒的面积比前期有所增加. 相似文献