中国转基因抗虫棉的应用及发展对策

从20世纪90年代起,中国开始了转基因抗虫棉的研究、开发和利用。转基因抗虫棉最常用的外源基因是Bt基因和CpTI基因。这两种基因已被分别或同时导入棉株中并获得了一批有发展前景的转基因棉花品种,其种植面积占棉花总面积的比例由1996年的0.35%上升到2000年的30%。目前在我国推广种植的抗虫棉,存在的主要问题是抗虫性的时空变化大、害虫抗性、抗虫范围狭窄、抗虫强度差及抗虫棉的安全管理。解决这些问题的方法主要有寻找和筛选广谱抗虫基因,采用特异启动子和诱导表达启动子,培育转多基因抗虫棉,加强转基因抗虫棉的种植管理及安全性评价研究。     

水土保持林体系研究的回顾

 水土保持林体系是防护林体系中重要的组成部分之一,在改善生态环境、防治水土流失中具有重要作用。回顾国内外水土保持林体系研究的发展历程,并就其主要成就和存在问题进行简要评述。奥地利、前苏联、中国,在水土保持林体系科研方面成绩突出,起到了带头作用。奥地利建立的森林工程措施综合治理体系,已被许多国家采纳和推广。前苏联在土壤侵蚀及水土保持林作用机制方面的研究,已成为各国水土保持林体系研究和营造的理论依据。我国提出的生态林业和生态经济型水土保持林理论,是对世界水土保持林体系发展的一大贡献。目前存在的主要问题是研究尺度小、林分稳定性差、无合适理论依据和空间配置不合理等。正确解决这些问题,应是未来水土保持林体系研究的方向。     

广西奶牛养殖业发展中存在的问题及对策

随着国家对"三农"问题的日益重视和农业产业化进程的加速推进,奶牛养殖在农业发展中的地位和作用也在不断提高和增强。为了进一步加快广西奶牛养殖业的发展速度,通过深入调查广西奶牛养殖企业现有的生产状况及生产水平,分析了目前影响广西奶牛养殖业发展中存在的问题,提出加快广西奶牛养殖业发展的思路与对策。     

影响村级服务站运行效果的因素分析-以河北省石家庄市为例

村级服务站是农技推广体系在村级的延伸与发展,兼有经营性和公益性的双重功能,对于满足农民多元化的农技需求起到重要作用。为了改善村级服务站的运行效果,探索影响村级服务站服务功能发挥的因素,此文以石家庄为例,借助实地调查数据,对村级服务站运行中存在的问题及影响因素进行了调查分析。研究结果表明,村级服务站技术人员的自身素质和村级服务站硬件设施不完善是影响村级服务站运行效果的重要因素。     

Spatially targeting the distribution of agricultural input stockists in Malawi

Developing the rural agricultural input markets in sub-Saharan Africa can improve the current low productivity of smallholder farmers. Malawi has seen significant efforts in addressing the availability of agricultural inputs at village level in the last few years; for example, the improvement of rural agro-dealer networks. Nevertheless inputs are still difficult to obtain for many remote smallholder farmers. Spatial analysis can help in the expansion of input stockists, especially agro-dealer networks, by assessing the coverage of existing input outlets and deriving optimum locations for village-level input stockists.We address three research questions. First, what is the locational efficiency of the current village-level stockists of inputs (Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs – Rural Agricultural Market Development Trust trained network of agro dealers and public sector)? Secondly, how many village-level stockists of markets are needed to reach 60% of the population in the central region of Malawi within one hour? Finally we address the potential spatial components of the sustainability of input stockists relating to the potential demand from smallholder farmers and the access to bulk supplies. The problem of finding the optimum location for village-level stockists of markets is addressed in two stages, using spatial analysis in conjunction with location–allocation models. First, the locational efficiency of the existing network of stockists of inputs is determined, followed by the establishment of a set of optimal sites for village-level stockists of inputs. A final step explores the viability of stockists and calculates the population surrounding the stockists taking into account competition from other sources of inputs and the accessibility of the selected stockists to potential wholesalers who are bulk distributors of farm inputs.Our results show that locational efficiency can be assessed in terms of the differential access of households to resources and transport. Often, these differences are not considered in covering problems and can have a large effect on the physical access to inputs. The results can be used to define which areas are inherently difficult to serve with agricultural inputs and could inform efforts to provide incentives to remote areas. Further implications for input policies in Malawi are that improvements in road infrastructure might not directly benefit the poorest farmers (if they are walking) but could serve to reduce the wholesale prices and therefore the retail price. In addition, the improvement in roads might increase the number of potential customers of any particular stockist, with economies of scale allowing the reduction of prices while ensuring a satisfactory profit margin for the stockist. The results of our models imply that Citizens Network for Foreign Affairs may need to train stockists over a wider area to increase the access to inputs of those smallholder farmers with least resources.     

乡村旅游发展的对策研究

2006年国家旅游局确定的旅游主题是“2006中国乡村旅游年”，在全国范围内大力发展乡村旅游，这意味着中国乡村旅游的发展开始进入了一个新的阶段。文章通过阐述乡村旅游的产生、国内乡村旅游的研究情况以及概念．分析了中国乡村旅游发展中存在的问题与矛盾，并针对这些问题提出了发展策略。     

约束优化问题的遗传算法求解

应用遗传算法基本原理,采用锦标赛选择、算术交叉、均匀交叉、均匀变异和非均匀变异算子,设计了一般非线性规划和整数规划问题的通用求解算法,应用Matlab6.0编制了相应的求解软件。实例测试结果表明,该算法可以应用于一般的非线性规划和整数规划问题。     

敦煌绿洲农业发展动态研究

阐述了敦煌绿洲农业发展的现状及存在的问题,在此基础上运用主成分分析法对敦煌绿洲农业发展的驱动力因子进行分析,进而提出相应的发展对策。     

试论从“三农”问题看社会主义新农村建设

“三农”问题与社会主义新农村建设具有不可分割的关系。从“三农”现状入手,分析影响社会主义新农村建设的因素,并提出建设社会主义新农村的对策。     

我国花卉产业现状、问题及发展对策

花卉业作为我国一个新兴产业,在生产、流通、消费和贸易等方面得到快速发展,但同时也存在效益低下、流通渠道不畅、消费水平较低、科技支撑体系薄弱以及来自发达国家的挑战等问题。针对存在的问题,根据产业经济发展理论,要加大对花卉产业科技投入,提高花卉产品的科技含量,加强基地建设,积极推进花卉产业化进程,建立发达的物流体系和交易体系,完善流通渠道,进一步建立和完善信息服务体系,采取有效措施积极引导花卉消费,充分利用加入WTO的有利贸易环境扩大出口。