番茄大、小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体的发育

研究了番茄大、小孢子的发生及雌、雄配子体的发育。结果表明：番茄花粉母细胞的胞质分裂为同时型。小孢子四分体呈正四面体型,番茄绒毡层细胞是同型的,均来自初生壁内层,为腺质绒毛层,小孢子继续发育２－细胞花粉：营养细胞和生殖细胞,雌蕊为湿型柱头、实心花柱、倒生胚珠、单珠被,胚囊母细胞经减数分裂形成直线排列的四分孢子,珠孔端１个继续发育为功能大孢子,其余３个退化。胚衰发育为苡蓼形。     

翅果油树大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

利用常规石蜡切片技术,对濒危植物翅果油树大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育的过程进行研究,探讨在其发育过程中是否存在生殖障碍。结果表明:翅果油树花药四囊型,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、2层中层、绒毡层5层细胞组成,绒毡层为腺质型;小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂方式为同时型,小孢子四分体排列方式为四面体型,有时为交叉型或左右对称型;成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型,有3个萌发孔;子房上位,基生胎座,倒生胚珠,双珠被,厚珠心;胚囊发育属于蓼型。其雌、雄配子体发育过程多数正常。     

巴西橡胶树大孢子发生和胚囊发育过程的研究

用石蜡连续切片,观察巴西橡胶树胚珠和大孢子发生、胚囊发育过程,结果如下:1.倒生胚珠,胚珠原基在雌蕊心皮来完全愈合成完整子房前产生。珠被发生于造孢细胞末期或大孢子母细胞早期。至二核胚囊期,两层珠被顶部合拢包围珠心。2.具厚珠心,其顶部形成珠心喙;在珠孔上方有珠孔塞,它起源于胚珠附近的胎座组织。2.胚囊发育属于蓼型。发育过程一些明显的变化是:(1)细胞逐渐液泡化;(2)从单核胚囊开始,细胞核连续三次分裂、分化、定位和产生新壁形成七细胞胚囊;(3)出现极性,极性的表现在大孢子母细胞期就开始。4.一些品系的两性花中,雌、雄生殖细胞问各发育阶段有明显的对应关系。     

The mode of seed formation in Allium senescens and two Korean Allium species

The genus Allium includes several important vegetable and ornamental species, and is an economically important crop. The objective of this study was to determine the mode of reproduction in A. senescens L. (2n=6x= 48) and two Allium species collected in Korea. Chromosome numbers of embryo sac mother cells (EMCs) at diplotene of meiosis were 2n = 48 and unreduced in A. senescens. However, normal sexual reproduction was observed at diplotene in both A. senescens var. minor (2n = 2x= 16) and A. nutans L. (2n=4x= 32). Parthenogenetic embryogenesis also occurred in A. senescens at high frequencies among the three Allium species. Antipodal embryos in A. nutans were formed in unpollinated flowers. Normal seeds were not formed in flowers of A. senescens that had been emasculated and kept in sealed conditions. However, normal seeds were formed in the flowers that were pollinated 2 days after anthesis. In conclusion, diplospory, parthenogenesis, and pseudogamy occur in A. senescens.     

Genetic strategies to determine the mode of 2n egg formation in diploid potatoes

Summary In this study, nineteen diploid potato clones (Solanum spp. 2n=2x=24) were identified as 2n egg producers on the basis of fruit set in 2x–4x crosses. The segregation of three genes mapped close to the centromere, Got-1 (1.1 cM), Pgm-2 (2.0 cM), and Sdh-1 (8.3 cM), were analyzed in the tetraploid offspring in these 2x–4x crosses to discriminate between First Division Restitution (FDR) and Second Division Restitution (SDR) modes of 2n egg formation. The co-dominant nature of these markers lead to more precise estimates of the recombinational frequencies as a result of completely classifying the segregating progenies. 2x–4x data revealed a predominance of SDR mechanisms occurring in 20 of the 21 families analyzed. With a SDR mode established, half-tetrad analysis (HTA) of four distal loci, 6-Pgdh-3, Mdh-1, Pgi-1, and Aps-1, revealed two SDR segregation patterns in some of the families. One pattern fit the expectations for the distal arm position. The gene-centromere map distances based upon SDR modes in the families following this pattern, were generally close to 4x–2x (FDR) estimates suggesting similar recombination rates between micro- and mega-sporogenesis. Heterozygosity transmission, on average, was 39.1%. In the other segregation pattern, in which the diploid parents were derived from S. chacoense PI 230580, higher than expected homozygosity levels were found in the female 2n gametophyte populations. A post-meiotic doubling of the reduced megaspore, which generates homozygous 2n eggs, is suggested to operate in three families. The common genetic background of the diploid clones suggested a heritable nature of this mechanism. Pooled data from these three deviant families calculated that 1.8% of the heterozygosity was transmitted to the tetraploid progeny.It is concluded that utilization of seven enzyme-coding loci, with previously established gene-centromere map distances, in 2x–4x crosses improved half-tetrad analysis (HTA) as a means to determine the mode of 2n gamete formation in megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis of diploid Solanum species.