New Drugs from Marine Organisms in Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Current approved drugs may only ameliorate symptoms in a restricted number of patients and for a restricted period of time. Currently, there is a translational research challenge into identifying the new effective drugs and their respective new therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, selected examples of marine-derived compounds in neurodegeneration, specifically in AD field are reported. The emphasis has been done on compounds and their possible relevant biological activities. The proposed drug development paradigm and current hypotheses should be accurately investigated in the future of AD therapy directions although taking into account successful examples of such approach represented by Cytarabine, Trabectedin, Eribulin and Ziconotide. We review a complexity of the translational research for such a development of new therapies for AD. Bryostatin is a prominent candidate for the therapy of AD and other types of dementia in humans.     

水稻光温敏核不育的分子与表观调控机理

两系法杂交水稻(Oryza sativa)的核心是光温敏核不育系,近年来对光温敏核不育系的研究取得了巨大进展.本文概述了光温敏雄性核不育基因的定位与克隆、育性转换机理、不育分子机制以及光温敏核不育的表观调控新进展,并对光温敏核不育的表观遗传学研究前景进行展望,以期为两系杂交水稻育种提供理论指导.     

氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及其机制

随着人为氮输入的增加,外源氮成为影响土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的重要因素。土壤甲烷排放受氮素有效性的调节,氮输入会改变土壤初始环境和甲烷排放规律,最终影响甲烷排放量。综述了氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制。研究表明,1)氮输入对甲烷排放通量的影响存在促进、抑制和不显著3种情况,这主要是甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的变化引起的;2)氮输入对甲烷产生过程的影响受产甲烷底物和产甲烷微生物活性的控制,氮输入通过增加土壤有机碳的含量为甲烷产生提供了丰富的底物,同时底物理化性质和植被覆盖度的变化使得这种影响复杂化,氮输入既可促进又可抑制产甲烷菌的活性,并且这种作用受氮形态的影响;3)氮输入对甲烷氧化过程的影响主要是通过刺激或抑制甲烷氧化菌的活性实现的,氮形态的不同也使得这种变化更为复杂;4)氮输入对甲烷传输过程的影响主要受植物通气组织的数量以及传输效率的控制,并且在不同生态系统这种控制作用差异较大。综上所述,氮输入对土壤甲烷产生、氧化和传输过程的影响及机制具有明显的复杂性和不确定性,今后研究中应综合考虑氮输入对甲烷排放关键过程的影响,并侧重于探讨氮输入对相关微生物群落结构、丰度和活性的影响,同时注重对各个生态系统的协同研究,确定氮输入影响下各个生态系统对全球甲烷排放的贡献率。     

细胞因子在抗鸡球虫病中的作用机制及应用的研究进展

鸡球虫病是一种对养禽业危害极其严重的寄生虫病,现阶段主要使用药物对该病进行防治,但长期大量使用药物产生了耐药虫株、环境污染等问题,因此球虫疫苗研制成为控制鸡球虫病的首选方法.细胞因子作为疫苗免疫佐剂能增强疫苗的特导性免疫反应,在寄生虫疫苗研究中具有重要作用.文章对细胞因子抗鸡球虫病的作用机制及其在抗球虫病中应用的研究进展作一综述.     

玉米秸秆热解动力学分析(简报)

该文采用耐驰STA449同步热分析仪,研究了玉米秸秆在升温速率为5、10、15、20、30 K/min,反应终止温度1273K的热分解反应,结果表明玉米秸秆热解过程可分为失水预热解、热解和碳化3个阶段,随着升温速率增加,反应的特征温度和最大失重速率增加,差示扫描（DSC）曲线整体向下倾斜,升温速率过大时,出现失水滞后现象。分别用FWO法、FRL法和Kissinger法对玉米秸秆热解进行了动力学计算,其热解活化能为（161±23）kJ/mol,通过Malek法确定了玉米秸秆热解满足J-M-A方程,反应机理为随机成核随后生长,确定了反应级数n和指前因子对数lgA的范围,并利用Matlab软件对实验数据进行拟合,验证了机理的正确性,并确定了玉米秸秆热解反应的动力学参数。该文结果对工程应用有指导意义。     

Physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat seedlings to salt and alkali stresses

Effects of salt (NaCl : Na₂SO₄) and alkali (NaHCO₃ : Na₂CO₃) stresses on the contents of inorganic ions and organic solutes in wheat shoots were compared to explore the physiological responses and adaptive strategies of wheat to these stresses. Wheat significantly accumulated Na⁺ and simultaneously accumulated Cl⁻, soluble sugars and proline to maintain osmotic and ionic balance under salt stress. Compared with salt stress, the high pH from alkali stress enhanced Na⁺ accumulation and affected the absorption of inorganic anions. To maintain ionic and osmotic balance, wheat accumulated organic acids, soluble sugars and proline. The accumulation of Cl⁻ and organic acids was the main difference in the physiological responses and adaptive mechanisms to salt and alkali stresses, respectively.     

大麦耐盐性鉴定方法及耐盐机理研究进展

盐分胁迫是导致作物减产的主要非生物因素之一,大麦是公认的耐盐性较强的作物之一,其耐盐机理复杂。本文简要评述了近年来国内外鉴定大麦耐盐性的主要方法,并对大麦耐盐机理进展做了综述。     

Wild relatives of sorghum as sources of resistance to sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata

The levels of resistance to shoot fly, Atherigona soccata in sorghum germplasm are low to moderate and therefore, we evaluated 17 wild relatives of sorghum under field and greenhouse conditions as an alternate source of genes for resistance to this pest. Thirty-two accessions belonging to Parasorghum , Stiposorghum and Heterosorghum did not suffer any shoot fly damage under multi-choice conditions in the field, while one accession each of Heterosorghum ( Sorghum laxiflorum ) and Chaetosorghum ( S. macrospermum ) suffered very low shoot fly damage. Accessions belonging to S. exstans (TRC 243601), S. stipoideum (TRC 243399) and S. matarankense (TRC 243576) showed absolute non-preference for oviposition under no-choice conditions. Accessions belonging to Heterosorghum , Parasorghum and Stiposorghum were preferred for oviposition, but suffered low deadheart formation. Manual infestation of seedlings with shoot fly eggs did not result in deadheart formation in some of the accessions belonging to S. exstans (TRC 243601), S. stipoideum (TRC 243399), S. matarankense (TRC 243576) and S. purpureosericeum (IS 18944). Larval mortality was recorded in main stems of the Parasorghums . Within section Sorghum , accessions belonging to S. bicolor ssp. verticilliflorum were highly susceptible to shoot fly, as were those of S. halepense . However, a few accessions such as IS 18226 (race arundinaceum ) and IS 14212 ( S. halepense ) resulted in reduced survival and fecundity. Wild relatives of sorghum exhibited very high levels of antibiosis to A. soccata , while only low levels of antibiosis have been observed in the cultivated germplasm. Therefore, wild relatives with different mechanisms of resistance can be used as a source of alternate genes to increase the levels and diversify the basis of resistance to shoot fly, A. soccata .     

可调球面四杆机构函数优化综合方法

提出一种用于实现多函数的可调球面四杆机构优化综合方法。通过改变连架杆杆长实现可调球面四杆机构不同函数综合要求。在研究球面四杆机构输入角与输出角函数关系的基础上,建立了可调球面四杆机构函数优化综合数学模型。给出可调球面四杆机构多函数优化综合的目标函数,使函数生成机构的最大结构误差达到最小;给出函数优化综合的约束条件,保证机构存在曲柄并具有良好的传动性能。采用免疫遗传算法对可调球面四杆机构进行函数优化综合,相应的算例证明了方法的有效性。