Advances in studying the differentiation into neurons of mesenchymal stem cells and their application

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a population of multipotent cells that can proliferate and differentiate into marrow and non-marrow cell types, such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, myocytes, and so on. In recent years, many researchers have studied whether MSCs are capable of differentiation into neurons in vivo and ex vivo. The result that MSCs-derived neurons express NSE and NF, but don't express GFAP suggests MSCs can differentiate into neurons, some researchers have achieved success in promoting functional recovery in Pakinsons and transactional spinal cord injury rat models by use of MSCs-derived neurons. Therefore, MSCs-derived neurons will play an important role in the therapy for a variety of diseases of the nervous system.     

紫花苜蓿菌核病病原鉴定及其主要生物学特性

菌株NJ1分离自苏南丘陵地区苜蓿菌核病株.通过病原菌致病性测定和形态学特征观察,结合病原菌核糖体转录间隔区(ITS)序列分析,将病原菌鉴定为三叶草核盘菌(Sclerotinia trifoliorum).对该病原菌生物学特性研究表明,菌株NJ1菌丝生长最适温度为18～23℃;最适pH值为5～9;病原菌对硫酸铵利用能力强,对L-半胱氨酸利用能力差;对甘露醇和乳糖利用最好,D-果糖和D-木糖利用较差,不能利用柠檬酸.     

Identification of Suspected Stem/progenitor Cells in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Culture System

To develop the potential function of dairy cow mammary stem cells (DCMECs) in regulation of lactation,we identify putative DCMECs which were BrdU label retaining epithelial cells,at the same time,analysis the location of two new mammary stem cells molecular marks FNDC3B and PROCR to verify the feasibility of them to indicate DCMECs.The mRNA levels of prolactin,growth hormone,insulin-like growth factor-1 and their receptors were detected along with cell passage by Real-time quantitative PCR.The results showed that the proportion of BrdU label-retaining epithelial cells was nearly 0.4% after 25 d continuous culture (passaged 4 times) and few cells were positive for FNDC3B or PROCR.Moreover,we observed the BrdU labelled epithelial cells by asymmetric division.The mRNA levels of prolactin,growth hormone,insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ and their receptors in primary and passage cells were extremely significant difference(P<0.01).DCMECs would rapidly lose some physiological characteristics and the ability of milk synthesis when not under the condition of induction of lactation differentiation,but a certain percentage of mammary stem/progenitor cells will be retained,whose potential effects on the regulation of lactation and mammary acinar remodeling were worthy of attention.     

类器官的研究进展及应用前景

类器官（organoids）来源于自组织和自我更新的干细胞，是利用干细胞的自组织特性进行体外3D培养后形成的细胞团，与来源器官密切相关，再现了来源器官的三维细胞结构，并为探索来源器官的发病机制提供了新的模型。类器官系统是由自分泌、旁分泌或邻分泌信号调节下的细胞，或者外源性添加的细胞外基质（extracellular matrix，ECM）底物、小分子和生长因子等衍生而来，这些因素的相互作用创造了一个动态的环境，指导干细胞的自我更新和分化，以及细胞在类器官中的自我组装。诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells，iPSC）重编程方法结合3D类器官工具，使患者来源的类器官作为动物模型和人类临床试验之间的桥梁，是对细胞研究和在体试验的补充。在研究来源器官发育、生物学和病理生理学方面，类器官不仅是一种比传统细胞培养更具生理相关性的体外模型，而且还是再生医学和个性化医学领域中的新模型，有望成为研究营养素、药物、毒物及毒素等的作用机制及药物的筛选、再生医学等领域的重要模型。总之，类器官技术的发展增强了人们对器官和组织生理生化功能的认知。作者对肠、脑、肺脏、肝脏、子宫、卵巢等类器官培养和应用的研究进展进行综述，以期为类器官相关科研及应用提供参考。     

我国玉米茎腐病研究进展

玉米茎腐病是一种世界性土传真菌病害，该病害在我国玉米产区均有发生。近年来，受耕作制度（如保护性耕作、秸秆还田等）的改变和气候变化的影响，生产中使用的高抗茎腐病的玉米品种不多等因素，致使田间病原菌数量增加，我国玉米茎腐病有逐渐加重的趋势。针对玉米茎腐病危害逐年加重的现状，本文系统综述了玉米茎腐病致病菌、发病症状表现、病情分级标准、病害侵染规律、抗性鉴定评价方法等方面的研究进展情况，并提出了玉米茎腐病的防治策略。     

Neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells on mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

AIM: To explore the neuroprotective effect of fasudil combined with bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BM-NSCs) on the mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS: Female C57BL/6 mice (8~10 weeks old, n=32) were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG_35-55) to establish chronic EAE model. The mice were randomly divided into control (ddH₂O) group, fasudil group, BM-NSCs group, and fasudil+BM-NSCs group. The clinical score and body weight were recorded every other day. The expression of neurotrophic factors was determined by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: In comparison with ddH₂O group, fasudil combined with BM-NSCs delayed onset and ameliorated severity of EAE. The numbers of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor positive cells in fasudil group, BM-NSCs group and fasudil+BM-NSCs group were all increased in various extents. In particularly, the expression of these neurotrophic factors in fasudil+BM-NSCs group was significantly higher than that in the mice treated with fasudil or BM-NSCs alone (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Fasudil combined with BM-NSCs promotes the expression of neurotrophic factors and improves microenvironment of central nervous system, thus playing a positive role in neural restoration and regeneration through a synergistic and superimposed effect.     

遮穗和去颖下燕麦穗部特征变化和穗部光合贡献率估算

随着探索提高植物整体光合能力相关研究的不断开展，麦类作物穗部器官等植物非叶绿色器官光合潜力挖掘逐渐得到关注。本研究在成都平原秋播美达、贝勒、莫尼卡、摄政王、泰克和甜燕60等6个品种燕麦，设置遮穗、去颖2个试验处理，比较分析了各品种间穗部特征、穗部光合贡献率、颖片光合贡献率和茎光合物质转移率等差异。结果表明，燕麦穗部器官光合贡献率为28.56%～49.05%，其中甜燕60最高；6个品种燕麦的颖片光合贡献率为11.03%～36.88%，茎光合物质转移率为6.65%～35.81%。燕麦穗部器官对籽实增重表现了较高的光合贡献，当燕麦穗部器官光合受到限制时，燕麦单粒种子重和单穗种子数显著降低，尤其是影响双粒小穗数。     

不同种植密度对夏玉米品种株型及产量性状的影响

为了阐述不同玉米品种株型及产量性状对密度响应，以目前生产上广泛种植的6个品种（‘郑单958’、‘先玉335’、‘伟科702’、‘浚单20’、‘金海5号’、‘利民33’）为材料，研究4个种植密度(60000、90000、112500、127500株/hm2)下不同品种株型和产量性状的变化。结果表明：6个品种棒三叶面积及茎粗系数均随着密度增加而减小，但减小幅度在不同品种或不同叶位存在差异。产量构成因素如穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数和千粒重随着密度增加而减小。4个种植密度中，‘金海5号’、‘伟科702’、‘郑单958’在密度为90000株/hm2时产量为最高；其他3个品种随密度增加，产量降低。回归分析发现在10个已知影响玉米产量因素中，穗粒数对产量的直接影响最大，其次为行粒数。此结果为玉米品种选育和生产上高效栽培提供理论依据。     

基于离散元的柔性作物茎秆振动响应仿真

建立考虑柔性作物茎秆振动响应特性的动力学模型，对探索谷草分离机理、分析谷物分离过程和联合收获机参数优化具有重要意义。本文提出考虑柔性作物茎秆振动响应特性的动力学仿真模型，研究了作物茎秆的动力学响应特性。首先，给出了作物柔性茎秆的动力学模型和动力仿真方法；以成熟期小麦第3节间为例，测量了茎秆的内外径、单位质量密度和弹性模量等参数；对茎秆的横向弯曲振动和纵向拉伸振动进行仿真，研究茎秆的动力学响应特性，并与理论计算结果进行比较。通过仿真获得长度108mm、外径3.7mm、内径1.9mm、弹性模量5.27GPa的小麦茎秆的横向振动频率和纵向振动频率分别为164.28、7633.59Hz，与理论计算结果的相对误差分别为0.28%和0.12%。最后，通过谷草分离仿真实验，验证了柔性作物茎秆模型的实用性。     

利凉处理对大棚环境、秋番茄生长与结果及其茎基腐病的影响

为验证利凉的应用效果,采用大田试验方法,研究利凉处理下大棚环境、秋番茄生长、结果和茎基腐病的状况。结果表明：在晴天和阴天条件下,利凉处理棚膜均起到降低大棚内的地温、气温和光照强度的作用,同时可提高大棚内的空气相对湿度,为秋番茄生长提供良好的环境条件。与对照大棚相比,利凉处理大棚提高了秋番茄植株的生长速率,可使秋番茄第一花序坐果率提高18.51%,第一层果实产量提高82.66%,同时可降低大棚秋番茄茎基腐病的发病率达15.28%。综上,利凉可以在大棚秋番茄生产上应用。