黑龙江省两牛场围产期奶牛氧化应激的群体检测和预警

为确定围产期奶牛氧化应激的风险因素及其预警指标,在黑龙江省2个集约化牛场(A、B场)检测了120头围产期奶牛血中能量代谢、矿物质、氧化应激等指标,以能量负平衡为判定标准,将β-羟丁酸(BHBA)>1.2mmoI/L,游离脂肪酸(NEFA)>0.4mmoI/L,葡萄糖(GLU)<0.3mmoI/L的牛分为高水平氧化应激组,BHBA<1.2mmoI/L,NEFA<0.4mmoI/L,GLU>0.3mmoI/L的牛分为对照组,通过横截面研究方法结合统计学显著性分析,Spearman相关分析、二元Logistic回归模型及ROC分析确立分界值和诊断效果。结果显示:能量负平衡奶牛血中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、Se、总一氧化氮合成酶(T-NOS)、VE的水平降低,血中丙二醛(MDA)、Cu的水平升高,机体存在氧化应激。确定GSH-PX、CAT、Se、BHBA四项指标可作为氧化应激发生的预警指标,其预警值分别为:GSH-PX<619.28U/L,敏感度78.3%,特异度66.7%;CAT<7.87U/mL,敏感度73.9%,特异度91.7%;Se<0.51μg/L,敏感度79.2%,特异度58.9%,BHBA>0.72mmoI/L,敏感度100%,特异度83.3%。结论:产后能量负平衡、低Ca、Se和VE的缺乏是引起氧化应激的风险因素以及血中GSH-PX、CAT、Se、BHBA可作为氧化应激发生的预警指标。     

Predisposing factors for bacterial mastitis in ewes

Objective of this review paper is the appraisal of predisposing factors for bacterial mastitis in ewes. Factors that predispose ewes to mastitis can be classified into non‐animal‐related factors (environmental and climatological factors, housing, nutrition, milking practices) and animal‐related factors (anatomic, genetic, litter size—ethological factors, number and stage of lactation period, health problems). There are clear management—environment—animal interactions in mastitis development in ewes, which underline its multifactorial nature. Research and studies regarding risk factors are important, in order to develop strategies for their elimination, control or correction. Control measures for bacterial mastitis, which attempt to eliminate predisposing factors for infection, can thus be developed and implemented.     

饲料检测实验室的风险管理分析与控制

对饲料检测实验室的风险识别、风险评估、风险控制、风险监督和检查等方面进行分析,探讨饲料检测实验室的风险管理方法,以期为提高监管效能和饲料产品质量水平提供理论依据。     

Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in veterinarians in Finland: Older age,living in the countryside,tasting beef during cooking and not doing small animal practice associated with seropositivity

Practising veterinary medicine has an inherent risk of exposure to zoonotic agents, including the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. We screened sera of veterinarians authorized to work in Finland for the presence of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies against T. gondii with an enzyme‐linked fluorescent assay, and evaluated potential risk factors for T. gondii seropositivity from extensive questionnaire data with almost 1,300 quantitative variables. We used a causal diagram approach to address the complexity of the life cycle of the parasite and its numerous possible transmission routes, and built a multivariable binomial logistic regression model to identify risk factors that are particularly relevant for veterinarians. The samples and questionnaire data were collected in 2009. Altogether, 294 veterinarians, almost 15% of the Finnish veterinary profession, were included in the study. The median age was 39 years, and the majority, 86%, were women. Altogether, 43 (14.6%; 95% confidence interval: 10.9–19.0) of the 294 veterinarians tested seropositive for T. gondii. According to the final model, veterinarians who were at least 40 years old had 2.4 times higher odds to be seropositive than younger veterinarians; veterinarians who lived in the countryside had 4.0 times higher odds to be seropositive than veterinarians who lived in towns; female veterinarians who tasted beef during cooking had 2.6 times higher odds to be seropositive than male veterinarians who did not taste beef during cooking; and veterinarians who did not do small animal practice had 2.3 times higher odds to be seropositive than those who did. The results illustrate the numerous transmission routes of T. gondii.     

Proximity to chronic wasting disease,perceived risk,and social trust in the managing agency

This article examined relationships between proximity to chronic wasting disease (CWD) and perceived risk and trust. The sample included 1,606 hunters in one of 10 northern Illinois counties with CWD, 1,958 hunters in a non-CWD county adjacent to these counties with CWD, and 2,099 hunters from the remaining non-CWD counties in Illinois. Compared to hunters in non-CWD counties, those in CWD counties were hypothesized to: (a) perceive more risk of CWD to humans, (b) perceive more risk of CWD to deer, (c) report less trust in the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) CWD information, and (d) have less trust in the IDNR management of CWD. The first two hypotheses were not supported, as hunters in CWD counties perceived less risk to humans and deer than did respondents in non-CWD counties. Hunters in CWD counties, however, were less trusting of the IDNR information and management compared to the other hunters.     

Evidence of increased Hepatitis E virus exposure in Lao villagers with contact to ruminants

Although pigs are the main reservoir, ruminants have also been shown to be susceptible to hepatitis E virus (HEV). We investigated zoonotic transmission of HEV in rural settings of Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) where humans are in close contacts with ruminants and where pigs are rare. Villagers with (n = 171, risk group) and without (n = 155, control group) cattle were recruited in seven villages in Vientiane Capital. Owners of pigs were excluded. Blood, as well as information on socio‐demographics, animal contact, dietary habits and awareness of zoonoses were collected to assess risk factors. Blood and rectal swabs were collected from cattle (n = 173) and other ruminants (27 goat, 5 buffaloes) to measure anti‐HEV antibody and virus prevalence. A similar anti‐HEV antibody seroprevalence was found in cattle (6.8%) and other ruminants (8%). HEV RNA was detected in none of the animal rectal swabs and human sera. Anti‐HEV IgG seroprevalence was higher in cattle farmers than in the control group (59.1% vs. 43.9%, p = 0.008) and increased significantly with age. Other risk factors included male gender, close contact with cattle and consumption of undercooked meat. We find that HEV is highly endemic in rural Laos and provide first evidence that HEV circulates in free‐roaming ruminants with open access to village water sources. Despite some awareness about hygiene, villagers are likely constantly exposed to zoonotic diseases by dietary and lifestyle habits. Cattle farmers had a higher risk of HEV infection than other villagers. Our study highlights the need to raise the awareness of the rural population about water‐ and food‐borne pathogens, and about the role of cattle as a possible source of infection. The knowledge gained on local risk factors and husbandry conditions should guide future awareness raising campaigns and promote appropriate hygienic measures including handwashing and the consumption of safe food and water.     

Changing trend in the seroprevalence and risk factors of human leptospirosis in the South Andaman Island,India

Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among a healthy population of the South Andaman Island was assessed through random sampling. Previous studies have high seroprevalences of up to 55% in general population and 65% in agricultural labourers. The study subjects (1,181 in total, 781 rural and 400 urban) were interviewed and tested for antibodies against Leptospira. Multivariate models were developed to determine the risk factors in the rural and the urban population. The overall seroprevalence was 10.9%, with rural (12.9%) being higher than the urban subjects (7.0%). The commonest infecting serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (53.5%), followed by Grippotyphosa (13.2%). Compared to the earlier observation, seroprevalence was lower and an apparent shift in the infecting serogroup was found. This shift was in concordance with the changing trend in animal population. Significant difference in risk factors, both in rural and urban areas, was also observed. Similar trends in seroprevalence are being observed around the world. Therefore, time to time prevalence studies are needed for the development of effective control measure.     

基于小波神经网络的气温预测研究

主要参考温度信号的固有特性,以1951～2014年的重庆市温度数据为例,使用小波神经网络(WNN)对温度进行预测估计.实证结果表明,该研究建立的小波神经网络能够对未来气温进行较好的预测,进而可应用于天气衍生品定价等领域,实现对冲天气风险.