柑橘木虱黄龙病菌携带量与其内生菌群相关性

【目的】分析柑橘木虱（Diaphorina citri）体内可能与黄龙病菌（Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus）互作的内生细菌,为黄龙病菌的人工培养及其病害防控奠定基础。【方法】首先通过传统分离培养方法比较不同地理来源带黄龙病菌（带菌）和不带菌黄龙病菌（不带菌）的木虱中可培养内生细菌的差异。其次将带菌状况不同的木虱分别分为头、胸、腹3部分,经PCR扩增其16S rDNA的V6-V8区,用变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）方法,比较带菌状况不同的木虱内生细菌的差异和木虱不同部位内生细菌的差异。选择3种差异的内生细菌：Bacillus sp.、Salmonella sp.、Enterobacter sp.,在8份带菌状况不同的木虱样品中通过q-PCR分别对其进行实时荧光定量分析,再以总细菌量为校正计算包括黄龙病菌在内的4种细菌的相对含量,数据经LSD检验,以各种细菌相对含量的-lg值作图,先比较同一样品中3种细菌分别与黄龙病菌的相对含量关系,再比较同种细菌在不同样品中的特性,分析3种内生细菌和黄龙病菌的互作关系。【结果】不带菌木虱中可培养内生菌菌落丰富度和菌落形成单位均大于带菌木虱中。在不带菌木虱中共获得14株形态不同的菌株,分属于芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus,3株）、欧文氏菌属（Erwinia,1株）、克雷伯氏杆菌属（Klebsiella,1株）、葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus,2株）、节杆菌属（Arthrobacter,1株）、泛菌属（Pantoea,2株）、果胶杆菌属（Pectobacterium,1株）、沙门氏菌属等（Salmonella,1株）、链霉菌属（Streptomyces,1株）、Massilia brevitalea（1株）等10个细菌属。在带菌木虱中分得的4株细菌在不带菌木虱中均分离到,分属于克雷伯氏菌属、芽孢杆菌属、果胶杆菌属。其中Dc-11（嗜气芽孢杆菌属）在带菌木虱和不带菌木虱中分离频率均达到100%,表明其为木虱体内常驻细菌;对木虱不同部位（头、胸、腹）内生细菌16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE图谱显示,带菌与不带菌木虱中细菌种群差别明显,带菌状况相同的木虱不同部位之间差别不明显。其中优势条带10 （Wolbachia sp.）、12（Wolbachia pipientis）、13（Syncytium endosymbiont of Diaphorina citri）、14（Uncultured bacterium）、19（Serratia marcescens）、21和22（均为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stenotrophomonas maltophilia）在木虱体内稳定存在,带菌木虱腹部特有优势内生细菌为Enterobacter sp.,木虱中同样也存在次级内生菌Wolbachia。q-PCR的结果验证了所选的3种细菌在前期传统分离培养和16S rDNA-PCR-DGGE中结果的可靠性,同时表明肠杆菌属在8份样品中与黄龙病菌呈正相关关系。【结论】黄龙病菌进入木虱体内会改变木虱内生细菌菌群种类和结构;嗜气芽孢杆菌（B. aerophilus）在柑橘木虱体内稳定存在,为木虱体内常驻菌群;Enterobacter sp.与黄龙病菌带菌量呈正相关,推测其可能与黄龙病菌互作。     

活性污泥中细菌对聚丙烯酰胺的生物降解研究

聚丙烯酰胺（Polyacrylamide,PAM）是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。同时,PAM在环境中的残留、迁移和降解对环境的污染也日趋严重,尤其是降解后的单体丙烯酰胺对人类的神经系统有很大的危害。本文从胜利油田的活性污泥中筛选出3株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌,通过比较筛选出一株降解效果较好的菌,命名为AS－2。根据生理生化特性分析,初步鉴定为海球菌属。采用室内培养方法,研究了AS－2对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解的最佳条件。结果表明,当降解时间为5d,pH=8,温度为40℃,碳源为原油,氮源为NaNO3,原油和NaNO3的含量分别为2．5,1．4g·L^-1时,AS-2对聚丙烯酰胺的降解率达到45．23％。通过对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解前后的红外谱图比较,推断出AS-2主要降解了聚丙烯酰胺侧链的酰胺基,将酰胺基降解为羧酸和游离的氡基。用高效液相色谱检测生化后的PAM溶液,未检测出单体丙烯酰胺。     

农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫毒性效应及其主要有毒组分

应用battery生物测试法,检测研究农药废水对秀丽隐杆线虫的生命周期、繁殖速率、生殖能力、头摆和身体弯曲频率等影响的生物毒性,及其引发生物毒性的主要有机污染物。结果表明,在已经达到国家废水排放标准[GB 8978—1996]情况下,处理出水对受试动物仍然存在致毒效应;线虫的世代周期对进水的毒性最为敏感,产卵数量对出水的毒性最为敏感;进水毒性主要来自易受酸性调节影响的有机污染物,出水毒性主要来自易受碱性调节影响的有机污染物。结果表明,该项生物测试的毒性参数,可用于指示存在于低CODCr废水中的生物毒性;所用的毒性鉴别评价（TIE）方法,可用于鉴别废水中引发致毒效应的关键污染物。废水中悬浮颗粒污染物的生物毒性至关重要,尚未研究,有待继续。     

反硝化技术对模拟养殖池塘修复的研究

浙江奉化市池塘的底泥经过反复培养、驯化,从中筛选、分离出反硝化细菌,在模拟实验条件下,研究其对不同浓度的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除情况,讨论反硝化菌种的生长情况。结果表明,在初始浓度为1、25、50mg·L^-1的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮模拟池塘中,随着实验的进行,对污染物的去除效果逐渐提高。其中在1mg·L^-1的浓度组中,3d内硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮去除率就分别达到了95．8％和90．2％;在25mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为93．8％和87．8％;在50mg·L^-1的浓度组中,第6d硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐的去除率分别为89．7％和78．7％。此外,反硝化菌对硝酸盐氮的去除效果略优于亚硝酸盐氮,而且硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度越低,对其去除效果越好,达到稳定状态的时间越短。在模拟池塘中,菌种的生长情况与硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的浓度呈负相关,即污染物的浓度越高反硝化菌的生长情况越差。对反硝化菌的生态影响因子研究表明,其反硝化最适宜的pH值为6～7,温度为25～35℃;而且在同一pH值和温度条件下,硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度越低,反硝化菌对其去除效果越好。     

Population size and specific potential of P-mineralizing and -solubilizing bacteria under long-term P-deficiency fertilization in a sandy loam soil

The effects of organic manure, mineral fertilizer (NPK), and P-deficiency fertilization (NK) on the individual biomass of young wheat plants, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization in wheat root systems, population sizes of soil organic phosphorus mineralizing bacteria (OPMB) and inorganic phosphate solubilizing bacteria (IPSB) as well as soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potential were investigated in a long-term (18-year) fertilizer experiment. The experiment included five treatments: organic manure, an equal mixture of organic manure and mineral fertilizer, fertilizer NPK, fertilizer NK, and the control (without fertilization). Plant biomass, population sizes of soil OPMB and IPSB were greatly increased (P<0.05) by the application of organic manure and slightly increased by the balanced application of mineral fertilizer, while undiminished AM colonization in wheat root system was only observed in the case of the NK treatment. Compared to balanced fertilization, P-deficiency fertilization resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) of OPMB-specific mineralization potential (soil P-mineralization potential per OPMB cell) and highest IPSB-specific solubilization potential (soil P-solubilization potential per IPSB cell), suggesting that OPMB and IPSB are likely more metabolically active in P-deficiency fertilized soils after long-term fertilizer management, and mycorrhizal plants are more dependent on AM in P-poor soils than in P-fertilized soils. Our results also showed the different effects of mineral fertilizer versus organic manure on soil P-mineralization and -solubilization potentials, as well as specific potentials of OPMB and IPSB in arable soils.     

Interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and mycorrhizosphere bacteria during mineral weathering: Budget analysis and bacterial quantification

The impact of ectomycorrhizal fungi or rhizosphere bacteria on tree seedling growth and nutrient uptake is well known. However, few studies have combined those microorganisms in one experiment to clarify their relative contribution and interactions in nutrient acquisition. Here, we monitored the respective contributions of pine roots, two ubiquitous forest ectomycorrhizal fungi Scleroderma citrinum and Laccaria bicolor, and two S. citrinum-mycorrhizosphere bacterial strains of Burkholderia glathei and Collimonas sp., on mineral weathering, nutrient uptake, and plant growth. Pinus sylvestris plants were grown on quartz–biotite substrate and inoculated or not with combinations of mycorrhizal fungi and/or bacterial strains. Magnesium and potassium fluxes were measured and nutrient budgets were calculated. Both ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly increased Mg plant uptake. No significant effects of the two bacterial strains were detected on the K and Mg budgets, but co-inoculating the mycorrhizal fungus S. citrinum and the efficient mineral-weathering B. glathei bacterial strain significantly improved the Mg budget. Similarly, co-inoculating S. citrinum with the Collimonas sp. bacterial strain significantly improved the pine biomass compared to non-inoculated pine plants. In order to better understand this process, we monitored the survival of the inoculated bacterial strains in the quartz–biotite substrate, the pine rhizosphere, and the mycorrhizal niche. The results showed that the two bacterial strains harboured different colonization behaviours both of which depended on the presence of the ectomycorrhizal partner. The populations of the Burkholderia strain were maintained in all these environments with a significantly higher density in the mycorrhizal niche, especially of S. citrinum. In contrast the population of the Collimonas strain reached the detection level except in the treatment inoculated with S. citrinum. These results highlight the need for taking into account the ecology of the microorganisms, and more specifically the fungal–bacterial interactions, when studying mineral weathering and plant nutrition.     

Optimization of plant growth-promoting bacteria-assisted phytostabilization of mine tailings

Recent studies have indicated that plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can improve revegetation of arid mine tailings as measured by increased biomass production. The goals of the present study were first to evaluate how mode of application of known PGPB affects plant growth, and second to evaluate the effect of this inoculation on rhizosphere microbial community structure. PGPB application strategies investigated include preliminary surface sterilization of seeds (a common practice in phytoremediation trials) followed by a comparison of two application methods; immersion and alginate encapsulation. Results with two native desert plant species, Atriplex lentiformis and Buchloe dactyloides, suggest that seed surface sterilization prior to inoculation is not necessary to achieve beneficial effects of introduced PGPB. Both PGPB application techniques generally enhanced plant growth although results were both plant and PGPB specific. These results demonstrate that alginate encapsulation, which allows for long-term storage and easier application to seeds, is an effective way to inoculate PGPB. In addition, the influence of PGPB application on B. dactyloides rhizosphere community structure was evaluated using PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) analysis of bacterial DNA extracted from rhizosphere samples collected 75 d following planting. A comparative analysis of DGGE profiles was performed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). DGGE-CCA showed that rhizosphere community profiles from PGPB-inoculated treatments are significantly different from both uninoculated tailings rhizosphere profiles and profiles from the compost used to amend the tailings. Further, community profiles from B. dactyloides inoculated with the best performing PGPB (Arthro Mix) were significantly different from two other PGPB tested. These results suggest that introduced PGPB have the potential to influence the development of the rhizosphere community structure found in plants grown in mine tailings.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

国家主体功能区划与黄土高原生态恢复

解决黄土高原生态恢复和农民生计问题的根本出路在于人口外迁和减轻土地的人口压力.目前尚在执行的退耕还林政策取得了显著恢复生态成效,但在解决农民生计方面存在着缺陷.即将实施的国家主体功能区划方案明确了黄土高原的空间功能格局,并从引导过载人口外迁、提高农民生活水平和生态得到持久恢复等方面为黄土高原提供了的政策保障.黄土高原各省区应抓住国家推进主体功能区形成的机遇,宜及早组织和开展一批相关项目的研究工作.     

棉花黄萎病拮抗细菌DS45-2菌株抗菌蛋白的分离纯化

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) DS45-2菌株产生的抗菌蛋白对棉花黄萎病有较强的抗性。用NB培养基摇床振荡培养DS45-2菌株(30℃,180r/min,48h),发酵液经硫酸铵盐析得到抗菌蛋白。经分析,抗菌蛋白对热稳定;对胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶均不敏感,对蛋白酶K部分敏感;在碱性条件下稳定,酸性条件下抑菌活性减弱。抗菌蛋白经DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换层析和反相层析后,分离纯化出一个抗菌蛋白0组分,经SDS-PAGE检测分子.质量约为23 kDa。