藏北草原生态文明评价与发展趋势预测

对藏北典型区域那曲县进行了生态文明统计测度与评价,并对未来8年生态环境与经济协调程度进行预测,为藏北牧区生态文明建设提出对策与思路。采用生态模型评价的方法,在分析生态文明内涵、发展、描述、评估和评价的基础上,寻求了一组具有典型代表意义并能反映藏北牧区生态文明建设各方面要求的特征指标;以那曲县为例建立了评价指标体系,利用生态脆弱地区"生态环境-经济发展"系统评价模型对当地生态文明建设的现状和目标进行了定量判断。引用协调发展程度计算模型,采用灰色系统方法(GM(1,1)模型)对那曲地区过去及未来经济与生态环境协调发展程度进行计算并预测。结果表明:那曲县生态环境与经济相互协调发展程度相对较低,2001~2013年生态环境与经济发展处在初级协调发展类和勉强协调发展类之间,未来8年协调发展程度呈下滑态势。     

海北高寒草甸地区太阳总辐射、植被反射辐射的有关特征

祁连山海北高寒草甸地区,有较强的太阳总辐射及地表反射辐射.通过2000年观测结果表明,在植物生长期的4～10月,太阳总辐射和地表反辐射总量分别达422.049MJ·m^-2和93.556MJ·m^-2.二者有明显的日变化规律,瞬时最高值出现于北京时间13～14h左右,日瞬时最大值分别可达1200W·m^-2和220W·m^-2以上.植物生长期间太阳总辐射变化受太阳高度角及其当地气候环境的影响,太阳高度角高或气候干燥时太阳总辐射值大,而地表反辅射依太阳总辐射的变化而变化,二者均在月最高,5月次高.植物生长后期,气候湿润,太阳总辐射和地表反射辐射均较低.地表反射率不论在日间还是植物生长的季节间,均表现一"U"型变化过程,其中日间在中午前后最低,最低可达0.19,季节变化以6～月最低,约为0.21,当然受土壤潮湿程度及地表性质等影响,其它时间也可降到0.21.就整个植物生长期内来看,祁连山海北高寒草甸地区地表反射率平均约为0.23.     

高寒区山生柳硬枝扦插灰色系统理论分析研究

本研究利用灰色系统关联度分析方法,对山生柳(Salix oritrepha)硬枝5种不同扦插处理的关联度及其扦插繁殖中的8个观察指标值间的关联度大小进行了计算分析,结果表明:山生柳硬枝扦插繁殖观测指标间的关联度大小依次为:保存率主根长度茎粗株高一级分枝数地上生物量鲜质量侧根数量;硬枝扦插5种不同处理的关联度大小依次为:覆膜简易塑料大棚育苗袋育苗杯露地。主根长度、茎粗和株高3个观测指标是影响山生柳扦插繁殖成活率的主要指标因子,覆膜处理是山生柳在高寒区最适合的快繁技术。     

青海农区鸡蛔虫感染季节动态调查

逐月对鸡粪便虫卵调查结果,农户鸡只蛔虫卵感染率和感染强度在一年间有两次波动,高峰期分别在3—5月和7—9月。鸡场鸡只蛔虫感染动态近似正态曲线分布,峰顶在4—7月。感染率与感染强度均与当地月平均温、月降水量呈正相关。     

浙江省发展新蚕区的起伏及其成因研究

通过对浙江省建国以来发展新蚕区历程的回顾,总结出历史上曾有过新蚕区发展的3次大起伏,同时分析了每次起伏发生的原因以及从中可吸取的经验和教训。     

德宏州农户肉牛养殖关键要点总结

当前许多肉牛养殖户在养殖过程中,均不同程度的存在养殖成本高、抗市场风险能力弱、养殖收益差等现象,本文通过对德宏州肉牛养殖致富带头人毛从国的成长之路进行调查分析,总结他的成功之路和经验做法,希望起到一定的引导启示作用,带动其他养殖户增加养殖效益。     

Seasonal variations in the diet and food selection of the Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus

The Algerian hedgehog Atelerix algirus is an insectivorous species. However, the exact composition of its natural diet remains largely undetermined, especially in relation to seasonal variations in food availability. From March to November, we simultaneously analysed the composition of 180 hedgehog faecal samples and food availability in the Soumman Valley, Algeria to assess food selection in this species. The faeces contained 196 different prey species, of which 92% belonged to the class Insecta. The highest prey species diversity was found in the Coleoptera order (100 species recorded) and the highest species occurrence was found in Hymenoptera (65% of the prey items, mainly represented by the harvester ant Messor barbarus, a crop-ravaging species). This study shows that the Algerian hedgehog is mainly a generalist species with a diet that is strongly linked to food availability. However, seasonal variations were observed in prey selection, and a notable shift in food preference was observed during autumn. The exact nature of these changes in feeding behaviour remains to be investigated, notably in relation to changes in energy requirements of this species before hibernation, in terms of quantity and/or quality.     

Attribution of human infections with Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) to livestock sources and identification of source‐specific risk factors,The Netherlands (2010–2014)

Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a zoonotic pathogen of public health concern whose sources and transmission routes are difficult to trace. Using a combined source attribution and case–control analysis, we determined the relative contributions of four putative livestock sources (cattle, small ruminants, pigs, poultry) to human STEC infections and their associated dietary, animal contact, temporal and socio‐econo‐demographic risk factors in the Netherlands in 2010/2011–2014. Dutch source data were supplemented with those from other European countries with similar STEC epidemiology. Human STEC infections were attributed to sources using both the modified Dutch model (mDM) and the modified Hald model (mHM) supplied with the same O‐serotyping data. Cattle accounted for 48.6% (mDM) and 53.1% (mHM) of the 1,183 human cases attributed, followed by small ruminants (mDM: 23.5%; mHM: 25.4%), pigs (mDM: 12.5%; mHM: 5.7%) and poultry (mDM: 2.7%; mHM: 3.1%), whereas the sources of the remaining 12.8% of cases could not be attributed. Of the top five O‐serotypes infecting humans, O157, O26, O91 and O103 were mainly attributed to cattle (61%–75%) and O146 to small ruminants (71%–77%). Significant risk factors for human STEC infection as a whole were the consumption of beef, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts. For cattle‐attributed STEC infections, specific risk factors were consuming raw meat spreads and beef. Consuming raw/undercooked or minced meat were risk factors for STEC infections attributed to small ruminants. For STEC infections attributed to pigs, only consuming raw/undercooked meat was significant. Consuming minced meat, raw/undercooked meat or cured meat/cold cuts were associated with poultry‐attributed STEC infections. Consuming raw vegetables was protective for all STEC infections. We concluded that domestic ruminants account for approximately three‐quarters of reported human STEC infections, whereas pigs and poultry play a minor role and that risk factors for human STEC infection vary according to the attributed source.     

北方农牧交错带草地使用权改革研究——以甘肃省永昌县马营沟村为例

中国北方农牧交错带的草地退化和沙化面积已占全国草地面积的50%。由于该区域人口多,草地面积相对较小,造成以家庭为单位的草地承包责任制无法开展或开展难度较大,草地公用导致超载过牧、退化严重。为了从草原管理制度层面探讨解决草地公用这一问题,本研究在甘肃省永昌县典型的农牧交错带——马营沟村社区,开展了基于参与式方法的社区草地联户承包制的试验,分析试验前后社区家畜养殖规模、草地生产力、草地载畜量及抽样调查的15户典型农牧户家畜养殖与经济状况的变化。结果表明,社区草地联户承包后超载率平均下降74.27%,农牧民转变了草地管理和使用观念,并改变原有的养殖方式,促进了草地畜牧业的高效发展,提高了家庭收入。这种改革尝试为中国农牧交错带的草地管理积累了经验。     

河北省“猪高热病”主要病原分析

对2006～2009年河北省“猪高热病”的主要病原进行了调查分析。结果表明,猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型（PCV-2）、猪伪狂犬病毒（PRv）、猪瘟病毒（CSFV）、副猪嗜血杆菌（HPS）、胸膜肺炎放线茵（APP）、链球菌（S．S）、大肠杆菌（E。coli）、沙门氏菌（Sal．）和巴氏杆菌（Pro）的总检出率分别为64．52％、30．27％、11．26％、6．13％、3．10％、2．58％、1．46％、1．11％、1．08％和0．10％。其中高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（HP—PKP．SV）和经典猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒（C—PV．P．SV）总检出率分别为60．92％和3．60％。HP—PRIKSV同其他病原体混合感染比较普遍,感染以二重感染、三重感染为主。总之,河北省“猪高热病”的主要致病病原是HP-PRRSV,并多与PCV-2、PRV、CSFV、HPS、APP、E．cold、S．S和Sal．、Pm等病原体中的-种或几种病原混合感染或继发感染-种“综合症候群”型疫病。