基于介电特征频率的大量元素水溶肥种类快速辨识装置研制

为实现对大量元素水溶肥种类的快速准确辨识,根据水溶肥的介电特性设计了一个传感器,并在此基础上采用特征频率法,研制了一种大量元素水溶肥快速辨识装置,主要由±5V稳压电路、单片机控制电路、激励信号发生电路、传感器、真有效值转换电路和LCD显示模块组成。以市面上常见的尿素、普钙、硫酸钾、磷酸氢二铵、磷酸二氢钾和硝酸钾6种大量元素水溶肥作为试验对象,在1 kHz~10 MHz激励信号频率范围内研究了其频率响应特性,得出了9个用于辨识6种大量元素水溶肥的激励信号特征频率,即30、40、50、600、700、800 kHz和3、4、5 MHz。根据各种水溶肥分别在9个特征频率处的响应模式,设计了对6种大量元素水溶肥的辨识策略。该装置的辨识性能采用234组不同类型和浓度的待测水溶肥进行验证试验,结果表明:该装置的辨识准确率为98.3%,完成1次辨识的平均时间为14.3s,最长不超过19.5 s,表明该装置具有良好的快速性和准确性,满足实际应用要求。     

Relative role of soil nutrients vs. carbon availability on soil carbon mineralization in grassland receiving long-term N addition

High nitrogen (N) input often induces soil carbon (C) limitation, eutrophication of macronutrients, deficiency of base cations, and accumulation of toxic micronutrients. These changes are perceived to be critical factors in regulating soil C mineralization. Previous studies primarily focused on the individual effects of C, macronutrients, exchangeable base cations, and micronutrients on soil C mineralization. However, the relative importance of those factors in regulating soil C mineralization, especially in N-enriched ecosystems, remains unclear. To disentangle the relative contributions of aforementioned factors, lime and/or glucose were added to soils that were collected from a field experiment with historical N addition (6 years) at seven rates (0–50 g N m⁻² year⁻¹) in a grassland ecosystem. Lime and glucose were added to improve the soil C and key nutrient conditions. The responses of soil C mineralization rate to changes in soil C and macronutrients (N and P), exchangeable base cations (K⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺), and micronutrients (Fe²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺) were examined. We found that lime addition decreased soil micronutrients, while glucose addition improved the soil available P and exchangeable base cations, especially at high historical N addition rates. The soil C mineralization was weakly associated with changes in soil nutrients, including the availability of N, P, exchangeable base cations, and micronutrients, which were conventionally and previously considered as the vital drivers of soil C mineralization. However, soil C mineralization strongly increased with glucose-induced enhancement of C availability and the subsequent enhancement of microbial biomass under increasing N addition rates. Based on the Structural Equation Model, the standardized total effects of C, macronutrients (N and P), base cations and micronutrients on soil C mineralization were 0.86, − 0.29, 0.15 and − 0.08, respectively. Findings from this study demonstrated that the N-induced significant changes in soil nutrients (e.g., eutrophication of N and P, base cations deficiency and accumulation of toxic macronutrients) mediated soil C mineralization, with C availability being the most critical driver for C mineralization in N-enriched soil. This study provides insight into the mechanistic understanding of the relationship between N input and terrestrial C cycling.