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41.
Sixty of the 65 dairy farms with cubicle houses in the Norwegian county of Oppland were included in a field study of the management of calving in 1990. The farmers recorded the location of the cow when giving birth, farmer presence and whether assistance was given during calving, occurrence of suckling, and time after birth when cow and calf were separated. Such data were recorded for a total of 1125 calvings. About 10% occurred on pasture, while 78% of the remaining calvings took place in the cubicle-equipped section. Thirteen percent calved in a calving pen, the remaining cows being tethered at the time of calving. Thirty-two percent of the calvings took place in houses lacking a calving pen altogether. Farmers were present during 41% of the calvings. Suckling most frequently occurred after pasture calvings, and was least frequent after calvings within the cubicle-equipped section of the cowhouse. Injuries to the calf caused by trampling or contact with fittings etc. were rare, and no more common in association with calving in the cubicle-equipped section than with calving taking place with the cow isolated from the rest of the herd. All calves were removed from their dams within 24 h after birth. 相似文献
42.
亚硝酸盐中毒(Nitrite poisonig)是畜禽常发生的一种中毒病。用白菜等含硝酸盐较多的菜类作猪的饲料,因调制加工不合理,会产生大量的亚硝酸盐,喂后引起猪急性中毒,常来不急抢救而死亡,对养猪业危害较大。用食用醋精加入调制白菜的浸泡液中,使其pH值为4时,完全可抑制反硝化细菌的活动,基本上不会产生亚硝酸盐。这是因为醋酸是含有2个碳原子的有机酸,对反硝化细菌毒性大,使菌体内DNA和ATP受到破坏,细菌失去脱氮作用所致。用醋精作调制白菜的抑制剂,会起到预防畜禽亚硝盐中毒的作用。 相似文献
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世界农业由子实体向营养体的转型、北方休牧还草政策的出台以及南方理想的自然条件和市场空间,为草畜业发展提供了千载难逢的机遇;南方发展草畜业不失为一条帮助农民快速致富的有效途径;只要破解观念更新、资金筹措、技术传授三大难题,草畜业定能成为南方农业的主要板块。 相似文献
44.
Baars RM 《Tropical animal health and production》2000,32(2):113-126
Two questionnaire surveys (2×44) were conducted among pastoral households, using three grazing management systems. The average number of Tropical Livestock Units (250 kg) was 4.0 per member of the household. Milk production was the most important source of revenue (66% of the total) followed by sale of livestock (17%) and transport (16%). High mortality rates were recorded for all livestock. About 27% of the milk was sold fresh or as butter. Sedentary and transhumant grazing management systems showed similar levels of income, but nomads had a 2.6-fold higher overall net income. The average total gross income from the entire herd amounted to US$ 6382 per household per year. The calculated costs were 29% of the gross returns. The contribution to the total gross revenues of camels, cattle and small ruminants was 58%, 25% and 17%, respectively. 相似文献
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In a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, 16 groups of 12 pigs were assigned to one of two housing systems (straw bedding, S vs. Barren, B) and to one of two starch types (native, N vs. pregelatinized potato starch, P, each included at 35%) to study effects on apparent faecal digestible nutrient intakes. Intake of straw from bedding material was estimated, using several markers, and results are discussed. Straw intake of the S-pigs was estimated between 143 and 234 g DM/d for P-pigs and between 96 and 156 g DM/d for N-pigs, depending on the method used. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in N-pigs when compared with P-pigs. Intake of digestible dry matter, energy, starch and ADF was increased in S-pigs, but the intake of digestible protein was reduced. Despite greatly reduced nutrient digestibility in S-pigs, additional digestible nutrient intake due to housing on a straw bedding can be considerable. 相似文献
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