Comparison of Anther Culture and Hordeum bulbosum Method for the Production of Doubled Haploid in Winter Barley I. Production of Green Plants

The relative response to two-major techniques of producing haploids in barley – anther culture and the Hordeum bulbosyum method – were compared using seven F₁ hybrids from a winter barley breeding programme. Both techniques were Applied to the same plants with the same number of replications. 358 viable green plants were obtained from 420 spikes ot donor plants used: 147 through anther culture and 211 through the H. bulbosum method. From the data analysis we found that the response to the two techniques was not significantly different, genotype effect and genotype × technique interaction were highly significant. The possibility of combining the two techniques in a doubled haploid production programme is discussed.     

Dihaploid Plant Production from 4 × -Genotypes of Potato by the Use of Efficient Anther Plants Producing Tetraploid Strains (4 × EAPP-Clones) — Proposal of a Breeding Methodology

Tetraploid clones of potato with a superior efficiency in producing androgenetic plants (4 × EAPP-clones) have been obtained by culturing in vitro anthers of 2 × EAPP-clones. The latter were isolated by three cycles of recurrent selection from diploid breeding material (UHRIG 1985 a). In this paper we report on the capacity of 4 × EAPP-clones, when crossed to in vitro unresponsive 4 × genotypes, to transmit to their F₁ their androgenetic potential, Five 4 ×× 4 × F₁ crosses were considered, which produced on average 35 embryoids per flower – a value higher than that of nonresponsive 4 × genotypes (no embryoids obtained), but-also significantly better than the value found for 4× EAPP-clones (9.8 embryoids per flower). The hybrid families behaved differently from each other, with one producing up to 63 embryoids per flower. A range of per plant values was, moreover, found, revealing the existence of a large variability among sister plants belonging to the same F₁ cross. The presented data indicate a rather simple inheritance of dominant genetic factors acting in favor ot androgenesis. They also suggest that the utilized 4× EAPP-clones were possibly heterozygous for such genes. Data are also reported on the ploidy level of anther plants obtained from 4× and 2× EAPP-clones. In this respect 2× EAPP-clones show the interesting capacity of generating, via anther culture, a consistent fraction of tetraploid plants (13,7 %). Based on the findings reported in this paper we propose, for tetraploid S. tuherosum L., a cyclic breeding procedure making use of anther culture and where ploidy level alternates, within a cycle, between 2× and 4×.     

南疆绒山羊的培育

南疆白绒山羊是通过对当地山羊的选育和杂交改良，经过近20年的努力育成的。通过本品种选育，横交固定，饲养管理等技术的实施，培育出了体型外貌一致，生产性能高，遗传性能稳定的新品种白绒山羊7．6万余只，并且建成年生产种羊达1000只的种羊生产基地，采取边培育边推广的方法，使阿克苏地区绒山羊平均个体产绒量达175．6g，取得了明显的经济，社会效益。     

浅色黄姑鱼的生物学特性及其养殖前景

本文简要介绍了浅色黄姑鱼的形态特征、生活习性和繁殖习性等生物学特性并分析了目前国内外该鱼的养殖状况和发展前景。     

苜蓿蓟马的研究

本文报道了我国苜蓿蓟马的种类、蓟马危害的症状、因蓟马危害造成苜蓿干草产量损失达20.1%。各种营养成分也有大幅度下降。并报道了优势种牛角花齿蓟马的生活史与发生规律。通过农药的筛选试验、筛选出1∶500—1∶1000倍的40%乐果乳剂是防治苜蓿蓟马的有效农药,并强调了抗虫育种工作应作为今后防治苜蓿蓟马的主要方法。     

侧耳与香菇属间原生质体融合育种研究

侧耳、香菇皆属四极性异宗结合食用菌,其异核双核菌丝体均具“锁状联合”形态标记。本研究以PEG-Ca~(++)为诱导剂,以紫孢侧耳和香菇Cr-20的原生质体再生单核体为亲株,进行侧耳与香菇的属间原生质体融合,结果从1022个融合再生体中镜检出16个具锁状联合遗传标记的融合株。对1～4号融合株与亲株进行的拮抗反应、双单交配、过氧化物同功酶谱分析及菇形特征对比皆证明融合株确具双亲杂合体特征。出菇验证表明,融合株菌丝体长速均快于亲株,出菇期早,菇产量近于或高于亲株侧耳的水平。     

从品种选育和利用的角度探讨解决吉林省稻曲病的危害问题

稻曲病在国内外均有发生，危害愈趋严重：除了降低水稻产量、影响稻米品质外，人、畜食用菌粉过量均有毒害作用。从高产、优质、低（无）毒、低成本方面考虑，认为选育和利用抗病品种是解决生产上稻曲病危害最适宜的途径．本文重点阐述了品种抗性的鉴定方法、抗病品种的选育和利用方法。     

中蜂越夏及秋季繁殖试验

在贵州锦屏进行的中蜂越夏及秋繁试验表明，４框以上的群势越夏较为安全。越夏期间每框足蜂约需补喂白糖１．５公斤。越夏后，蜂群群势约下降１／３左右。蜂群在越夏期间飞逃的主要原因是缺蜜及巢虫危害。当地中蜂在秋季大流蜜初期发生分蜂，分蜂群势均为８框足蜂以上，７框左右不分群。为控制不同起繁群势的蜂群在秋季大流蜜初期正好繁殖到７框左右，不致因分蜂影响秋冬蜜的采集，应分期起步秋繁。根据本试验所建秋季起繁群势（ｘ）与达７框群势所需繁殖天数（ｙ）之间的回归直线方程推算，在起繁群势为１～５框蜂量时，最适的秋繁开始期，１框群为７月３１日，２框群８月１０日……蜂群的基础群势每增加一框，则秋繁开始期应相应推迟１０～１１天。     

Economic Valuation of Varieties and Breeding Objectives

Breeding planning and variety valuation can be supported only if weighting factors for the economically relevant performance traits are available. In plant breeding they are necessary for the calculation of selection indices as well as for the comparison of varieties and for quantifying the monetary impact of breeding progress. In this article the economic weights for the most important performance traits of sugar beet are calculated from the farmer's, the sugar factory's, and the national economy's point of view. Based upon economic weights for beet yield, sugar content, potassium, sodium, and ammo nitrogen content, a total of 19 varieties was compared with regard to physical and economic performance. The investigation shows that “best” and “worst” varieties differ in gross margin per ha by 270.— to 330.— DM. Indications were given for possibilities and limitations of the application of economic weights in breeding planning.