Clinical and pathologic features of acute bovine liver disease in Australia

Acute bovine liver disease (ABLD) is a sporadic hepatic disease affecting cattle in southern Australia, characterized histologically by striking periportal hepatocellular necrosis. The cause of ABLD is unknown; however, the seasonality and acute presentation of outbreaks suggest mycotoxin involvement. We describe here the clinical and pathologic findings of ABLD in 45 naturally affected cattle from 13 outbreaks occurring from 2010 to 2019 in Victoria, Australia. Outbreaks occurred in herds located along the southern coastal plain of Victoria and were observed most frequently in lactating dairy cattle. Clinical signs commonly included a combination of mild photosensitization, progressive neurologic signs, and hypogalactia, which preceded death by ≤ 48 h. All affected animals had marked elevations in activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. At autopsy, the most common lesions were serosal petechiae and/or gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and hepatomegaly with a pronounced hepatic reticular pattern. The principal histologic lesion was widespread—severe periportal hepatocellular coagulative necrosis and erythrocyte pooling—which often extended to massive necrosis. Lesions in other organs were uncommon. Our study of ABLD suggests involvement of a potent hepatotoxin that is either directly cytopathic or requires bioactivation by periportal-specific enzymes.     

精制和除臭工艺对大黄鱼肝油品质影响分析

为了开发优质大黄鱼肝油,探究其在精制过程及不同脱臭处理时的品质变化。本研究对大黄鱼肝粗提油采用四个过程精制(脱胶、脱酸、脱色、旋蒸脱臭)以及不同脱臭方法(旋蒸、固相吸附、脱臭液、GTP)处理后的理化性质、脂肪酸和挥发性风味成分进行了全面的分析。结果表明：在四个精制阶段的理化性质方面,精制鱼油的酸价与粗鱼油相比降低了63.50%,碘值提高了1.19倍,过氧化值降低了39.02%,其理化性质得到了显著的改善。脂肪酸的相对含量优化效果明显,大黄鱼肝油的饱和脂肪酸增加了1.20倍、多不饱和脂肪酸增加了1.71倍以及EPA、DHA含量增加了1.84倍。粗鱼肝油中油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味重,精制可以改善其风味,脱胶、脱酸对风味影响较小,脱色对风味有一定改善,但主要影响鱼油风味是脱臭工艺,可以显著降低其油脂味、鱼腥味和酸味。在不同脱臭方法的比较中,脱臭液脱臭可使鱼肝油酸价达到最低0.24±0.07 mg KOH/g,而绿茶多酚(GTP)脱臭可有效降低鱼肝油氧化值(1.56±0.19 mmol/kg),且在风味中还会形成愉悦的清香味,总体效果更佳。该研究为大黄鱼肝开发,生产富含高不饱和脂肪酸且风味品质均佳的鱼肝油生产技术提供理论依据。     

条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学

采用解剖和光镜技术研究条石鲷消化道的形态学和组织学。条石鲷消化道包括具有发达颌齿的口咽腔，食道，胃，小肠和直肠。食道上皮组织可分为两个区域－头部和尾部，头部区域由扁平上皮层构成，尾部区域的上皮组织由单层柱状上皮细胞所构成，上皮含有大量 杯状细胞和黏液分泌细胞.胃呈V形，其粘膜上皮由单层柱状上皮组成，贲门部和胃体部上皮下有发达的胃腺组织。小肠上皮为具微绒毛的单层柱状上皮，肠道粘膜固有层中有管状肠腺存在；直肠上皮为单层柱状上皮，缺乏粘膜肌。小肠和直肠上皮中均分布有较多的杯状细胞，肠道系数约为0.78。在整个消化道中发现有四种杯状细胞。本文研究了条石鲷消化道的显微结构，并探讨了其消化道的组织学和解剖学特征与其杂食性的适应。     

皱纹盘鲍食道的结构与功能

以组织学，组织化学，扫描电镜和透射电镜观察及酶活性测定等方法研究了皱纹盘鲍的食道，食道可分为前，中后，三段，中段又可分为食物通道和食道侧囊，食道粘膜上皮由纤毛柱状细胞，粘液细胞，闰状腺细胞，微绒毛细胞和分泌细胞组成，纤毛柱状细胞参与运输食物和分泌物，并呈现吸收细胞的结构特征；粘液细胞分泌中性和酸性粘多糖；颗粒状腺细胞内充盈分泌颗粒；微绒毛细胞呈现吸收细胞的特征；分泌细胞具有强的蛋白酶等酶活性，能以楔浆分泌形式分泌消化酶，该细胞还具有吸收和细胞内消化作用。食道中段还呈现3种植物多糖酶活性。     

南方鲶、大鳍鳠鳔发育的组织学研究

有关硬骨鱼类鳔的研究多集中于形态学和组织学方面[孟庆闻、李婉端,1984;孟庆闻等,1987;郑文彪等,1988;秉志,1983;Harder,1975;Whitehead和Blaxter,1989],而鳔发育的组织学研究较少,仅见王瑞霞[1982]和Berra与David[1989]描述了青鱼及Lepidogalaxias samlamandroides的鳔原基来源。作者选择鲶形目两个不同科的代表种,鲂科的南方鲶Silurus meridionalis(Chen),鲿科的大鳍鳠Mystus maeropterus(Bleeker)为研究对象,详细研究了两种鱼鳔的原基来源、衍化,并比较了二者在结构上的差异。现将结果报导于下。     

东海鳓卵巢发育的组织学观察

于光镜于对东海鳓卵巢切片作了组织学观察，结果表明，5月－7月为东海鳓的繁殖期，其卵巢在Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期、Ⅵ－Ⅳ‘期和Ⅴ‘期，8月－9月鳓卵巢处在产后休整阶段；10月－翌年2月为越冬Ⅱ期卵巢；3月－4月卵巢处在产前发育阶段，在小生长期，卵核的体积较核质的体积增大快，核质比大，大小长期，随着卵黄物质的积累，卵母细胞体积快速增加, 比下降。在鳓卵母细胞发育中，曾见有两层卵膜结构，但接近成熟的卵母仅有一层卵膜。东海鳓的产卵方式为短期分批产卵类型。在一个生殖周期内，一般产卵2次。     

Carbohydrate metabolism and hepatic zonation in the Atlantic hagfish,Myxine glutinosa liver: effects of hormones

Viable Atlantic hagfish (Myxine glutinosa) hepatocytes were isolated from combined or separated large and small lobes and carbohydrate metabolism was studied. Cells had low levels of glycogen (16–30 μmol·g⁻¹), and low rates of total glucose production (TGP; 0–480 nmol·h⁻¹·g⁻¹ cells). Lactate flux to glucose (5.5 nmol·h⁻¹·g⁻¹) and CO₂ (76 nmol·h⁻¹·g⁻¹) was lower than reported values for teleosts, with a low percentage (30%) of the lactate carbon reaching glucose. Insulin significantly increased total glucose production and gluconeogenesis and decreased 6-phosphofructo 1-kinase (PFK-1) activities and glucose oxidation, while glucagon was without effect on any parameter studied. Forskolin significantly increased TGP. Epinephrine (Epi), norepinephrine (NEpi), isoproterenol (Iso), and phenylephrine (Phe) all decreased CO₂ production from lactate; propanolol blocked the effects of Epi, NEpi, and Iso. The large lobe, accounting for 65% of total liver mass, had a higher glycogen content and higher CO₂ production from lactate compared to the small lobe. Furthermore, enzyme activities in the large lobe were greater than in the small lobe, with the exception of glycogen phosphorylase (GPase) which exhibited smaller %a values in the large lobe. These data indicate the presence of a hormonally-responsive carbohydrate metabolism in hagfish hepatocytes, which is qualitatively and quantitatively different between the two liver lobes.     

白甲鱼、大鳍鳠和斑鳜肾的比较组织学研究

白甲鱼、大鳍鳠和斑鳜肾的比较组织学研究钟明超（中山大学，广州５１０２７５）关键词肾，组织学，白甲鱼，大鳍　，斑鳜ＣＯＭＰＡＲＡＴＩＶＥＡＮＤＨＩＳＴＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＳＴＵＤＩＥＳＯＮＴＨＥＫＩＤＮＥＹＳＯＦＶＡＲＩＣＯＲＨＩＮＵＳＳＩＮＵＳ，ＭＹＳＴ...     

锯缘青蟹促雄腺发育的组织学研究

采用组织切片技术，以OlympusBH-2型显微镜对锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata)促雄腺的发育进行观察。结果显示，促雄腺附着于射精管近末端，发育过程可分为4期：Ⅰ期促雄腺短小，腺细胞数量少；Ⅱ期促雄腺呈明显的索状；Ⅲ期促雄腺体积达到最大，一些部位膨大增生；Ⅳ期促雄腺不再生长，腺体急剧退化。腺细胞具有2种类型：A型细胞，核圆、异染色质少、胞质染色浅；B型细胞，核扁平、异染色质多，细胞染色深、界限不清晰，有时细胞质消失。促雄腺发育过程中，A、B型细胞数量、比例发生变化。B型细胞为A型细胞完成分泌后的存在形式，B型细胞比例反映了促雄腺分泌活动的状况。锯缘青蟹促雄腺发育和精巢成熟具有一定的相关性。