国家级茶树良种的烘青及炒青绿茶适制性探讨

为筛选适宜制作烘、炒青绿茶的茶树品种,试验分析了‘翠峰’、‘迎霜’、‘舒茶早’、‘凫早二号’和‘祁门槠叶种’等5个国家级良种烘、炒青绿茶的适制性。结果显示：（1）呈味物质含量在5个品种之间存在显著性差异;其中,‘祁门槠叶种’和‘凫早二号’的咖啡碱含量较高,但‘凫早二号’烘青绿茶滋味醇厚,且香气突出;‘迎霜’品种有着较高的酚氨比和酚碱比,其加工为炒青绿茶后,滋味醇厚较爽,且香气较好;‘舒茶早’品种的茶多酚和水浸出物含量较低,虽然其烘青滋味较好,但香气不佳;5 个茶树品种中,烘、炒青绿茶适制性最好的是‘翠峰’品种;（2）本试验分析得出了呈味物质与审评得分的相关性,为今后茶树品种的适制性研究提供一定的经验。     

移栽前控水与生根粉处理对烟苗素质与还苗期生理特性的影响

培育壮苗是优质烤烟生产的重要保证,中国当前普遍采用的烟草漂浮育苗技术存在诸多弊端,为对其进行改进,以‘湘烟3号’为材料,研究了移栽前控水与生根粉处理对烤烟烟苗素质和还苗期生理特性的影响。结果表明：（1）控水处理对烟苗素质影响较小,生根粉处理与控水+生根粉处理对烟苗素质有显著影响,主要表现为株高下降、茎秆变粗、物质积累量增加。（2）移栽前控水与生根粉处理均可提高烟苗叶绿素含量与根系活力,以控水+生根粉处理效果最优,生根粉处理次之,控水处理最差。（3）各处理均可提高烟苗硝酸还原酶与转化酶活性,降低烟苗丙二醛含量,效果以控水+生根粉处理最好,生根粉处理效果次之,控水处理再次;同时可见,移栽前10天处理的效果优于移栽前5天处理。综合来看,移栽前10天控水+生根粉处理对改善烟苗素质与还苗期生理特性的效果最好。     

农牧业机械绿色设计应用和发展趋势

农牧业机械在农牧业生产中发挥着极其重要的作用,将绿色设计概念融入到农牧业机械设备中是未来发展趋势。在简要分析目前农牧业存在问题的基础上,介绍了农牧业机械设计要求,以及绿色设计在农牧业中的运用,对农牧业机械绿色设计的主要内容进行了详细的论述,指出绿色设计是农牧业机械发展的必然趋势。     

海河流域作物水足迹研究

基于水足迹理论,利用海河流域8个省(市、自治区)气象及农业基础数据,计算了海河流域主要作物的虚拟水量和作物水足迹值,并对流域作物水足迹的空间格局进行了分析。结果表明,同一种作物不同地区的虚拟水量均匀分布;各市作物水足迹有由南向北逐渐增大的趋势。德州、保定、聊城等地的蓝水比例最高,均达到了50%以上,土壤水利用率较低;晋中、长治、阳泉和朝阳市的绿水足迹达到了总水足迹值的90%以上。流域内小麦的蓝水足迹占总水足迹比例最大,各省(市、自治区)平均为74.6%,作物生长需要大量灌溉水;玉米、棉花、谷子、大豆和花生蓝水足迹比例较少,均在20%以下。河北省的蓝水足迹为114.97×108 m3,农业灌溉用水压力最大;内蒙古的蓝水比例最大,为67.59%;辽宁省和山西省的土壤水利用率较高。     

The Effect of Poultry Manure and P Fertilizer on Some Phosphorus Fractions in Some Soils of Southwestern Nigeria: An Incubation Study

An incubation experiment was conducted in the laboratory for 10 weeks to study the changes in some phosphorus (P) fractions in two soil series. Poultry manure was applied at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 t ha^?1 solely and in combination with single superphosphate (SSP) at 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 kg P ha^?1. Significant increases in all the P fractions were observed to the 6th week of incubation (WAI). Sole application of poultry manure was, however, effective in reducing P occlusion in the two soil series used. An increase in Fe–P which was the largest extractable inorganic P was observed with the application of 10 t ha^?1 of poultry manure and 30 kg P ha^?1 of SSP in the Iwo series and combination of 20 t ha^?1 of poultry manure and 45 kg P ha^?1 of SSP in the Alagba series.     

Bioavailability of zinc and lead from a contaminated soil amended with pine bark-goat manure compost

The distribution in soil and plant uptake of zinc (Zn) and lead (Pb) as influenced by pine bark-goat manure (PBG) compost additions were investigated from the soils artificially contaminated with Zn or Pb ions using maize (Zea mays L.) as a test crop. Soils were amended with four rates of pine bark-goat manure compost (0, 50, 100, and 200 tons ha^?1) and four rates (0, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1) of Zn or Pb. Maize was planted and grown for 42 days. At harvest, plants samples were analyzed for Zn and Pb concentration. Soils samples were analyzed for pH, extractable and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) extractable Zn and Pb. Extractable Zn and Pb was lower in PBG compost amended soils than in unamended soils and steadily declined with increasing amount of compost applied. The extractable fraction for Zn dropped by 62.2, 65.0 and 44.6% for 300, 600 and 1200 mg Zn kg^?1, respectively when 200 t ha^?1 of PBG compost was applied. Metal uptake by maize plants were directly related to the rate of applied heavy metal ions with greater concentrations of metals ions found where metal ions were added to non-amended soils.     

Soil organic phosphorus fractions in response to long-term fertilization with composted manures under rice–wheat cropping system

Present investigation evaluates the effect of organic fertilization (OF), integrated nutrient management (INM) practice, and recommended dose of chemical fertilization (CF) on changes in soil organic phosphorus (P) and its fractions under rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The 4-year experiment (2009–2013), under split-plot design, showed that OF did not increase the total P or total organic P content of soil under either of the test crops. However, OF maintained the higher level of labile organic P and moderately labile organic P in soil under wheat the moderately stable organic P and highly stable organic P was highest in paddy soil under CF practices (11.34 and 7.77 μg g^?1, respectively) followed by wheat. The P concentration in organically grown rice or wheat grain was increased significantly compared with their CF counterparts. The productivity economics for rice and wheat crops showed INM fertilization to be more economical than OF.     

Biochar use in a legume–rice rotation system: effects on soil fertility and crop performance

The aim of this study was to determine whether by applying biochar, it is possible to augment the beneficial effects of legume–crop rotation systems on soil fertility and crop performance. Repeated experiments were established in 2012 and 2013 in South-western Benin using a split-split plot design. Two legumes, Mucuna pruriens (mucuna) and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), were planted for 42 days on biochar-amended and unamended plots and subsequently cut and applied as mulch 5 days before planting rice. Rice plants were either fertilized or not using a fertilizer rate of 60, 30, and 30 kg ha^?1 of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O, respectively. The results showed that the application of legume green manures and fertilizer, either singly or in combination, improved soil nutrient availability, CEC, shoot yield, and grain yield of rice on both biochar-amended and unamended plots. However, the effect was significantly (p < 0.05) greater on biochar-amended plots. The mean grain yield for all cropping seasons was 1.8 t ha^?1 for biochar-amended plots and 1.3 t ha^?1 for unamended plots. The greater grain yield of rice on biochar-amended plots was associated with improved soil fertility and increased N uptake.     

两种有机肥在甘蔗-花生套种模式中的施用效果

为研究木薯皮、鸡粪在蔗区套种模式中的还田施用效果,分别设置化肥配施木薯皮(T1)、配施鸡粪(T2)、配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪(T3)3个处理,以甘蔗单种化肥处理(CK1)或甘蔗套种花生化肥处理(CK2)为对照,比较各处理作物产量、品质、效益及花生秸秆还田后土壤肥力的变化。结果表明,T1、T2、T3与CK2相比,大大增加了花生产量、纯收益,花生秸秆还田后土壤速效氮磷钾含量明显提高;T1处理的纯收益最高,比CK1处理增收花生3720.9 kg hm~(-2),增加纯收益17675.4元hm~(-2),但该处理对花生粗脂肪及甘蔗产量有一定负面影响;T2处理的花生产量、总效益和花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量最高,比CK1处理增收花生4270.8 kg hm~(-2);T3处理比CK1处理增收花生3904.2 kg hm~(-2),花生粗脂肪含量达51.3%,增加纯收益17442.15元hm~(-2),还提高了花生秸秆还田后的土壤速效氮磷钾、有机质含量。综合考虑,甘蔗套种花生(化肥配施半量木薯皮和半量鸡粪)是较好的种植和养分管理模式,值得大面积推广。     

猪粪施用对稻麦轮作体系土壤碳组分含量及动态变化的影响

通过在成都平原开展稻麦轮作大田试验,设置了不施肥(CK)、常规无机化肥(NPK)、猪粪25%+化肥(NKM1)、猪粪50%+化肥(NKM2)、猪粪100%(M3)、猪粪150%(M4)6种施肥处理,探讨猪粪施入对土壤碳组分含量及动态变化特征的影响。结果表明:不同生育期对土壤有机碳及其组分含量的变化影响极显著(P0.01);水稻季不同处理下表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)和易氧化有机碳(ROC)含量均随着生育期的推移呈现出先升高再降低的趋势,20~40 cm土层土壤有机碳及其组分含量显著低于表层土壤,且不同处理之间变化幅度小于表层土壤;小麦季表层TOC含量随作物生育期的推移呈增加的趋势,土壤WSOC和DOC含量在拔节期达到最大值,ROC在分蘖期达到最大值,之后下降并趋于稳定;20~40 cm土层土壤WSOC、DOC和ROC变化趋势与表层土壤基本一致,但变化幅度较小;通过对比分析表明,猪粪施入能显著提高土壤TOC及其活性有机碳含量,水稻季和小麦季TOC、WSOC、DOC和ROC含量均在M4处理下达到最大值,最大值分别为18.49和18.62 g kg-1、88.15和93.56 mg kg-1、40.09和69.74 mg kg-1、2.73和2.29 g kg-1,即从提高土壤有机碳的角度来看,150%猪粪施入处理提升效果最为明显。