Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

Leaf, floret and seed infection of wheat by Pyrenophora semeniperda

Infection processes of Pyrenophora semeniperda on seedling and adult wheat leaves and wheat ears were investigated. Almost 100% germination of conidia occurred on seedling leaves, compared with 20–30% on adult leaves. Appressoria formed over the anticlinal epidermal cell walls and haloes always accompanied infection. Sometimes papillae formed within the leaves as a resistance mechanism. Infection hyphae ramified through the intercellular spaces of the mesophyll resulting in cellular disruption. The infection processes on floral tissues were similar to those observed on leaves; however, no infection occurred on anther, stigmatic or stylar tissues. Infection of ovarian tissue occurred both with and without appressoria formation. Hyphae grew mainly in the epidermal layers and appeared unable to breach the integumental layer as no growth was observed in endosperm or embryo tissues. The optimum dew period temperature for conidial germination was 23·6°C, compared with 19·9°C for lesion development, 20·4°C for the production of infection structures on seedling leaves and 23·7°C for floret infection. Leaf disease development occurred in a logistic manner in response to dew period, with maximum infection observed after 21 h compared with > 48 h in seeds. An initial dark phase during the dew period was necessary for infection and temperature after the dew period had an effect, with significantly more numerous and larger lesions being formed at 15°C compared with 30°C. Seedling leaves were found to be more susceptible than older leaves, under both field and controlled environment conditions. Infection of wheat seeds following inoculation of ears, or after harvest burial of inoculated disease-free seeds, was demonstrated. In the latter, 3-week-old seedlings were slightly stunted, whereas older plants were unaffected. The apparent unimportance of this plant pathogen as a cause of leaf disease in relation to its poor adaptation to dew periods and dew period temperature is discussed, along with the importance of its seed borne characteristics.     

A new approach to evaluate relative resistance and tolerance of tomato cultivars to begomoviruses causing the tomato yellow leaf curl disease in Spain

A simple procedure to evaluate relative resistance and tolerance of tomato cultivars to the begomoviruses causing tomato yellow leaf curl (TYLC) disease in Spain was developed. To estimate the resistance and tolerance levels of a cultivar, several formulae were developed based on the ratio of infected plants, virus titre (estimated by tissue–print hybridization) and symptom intensity. The formulae were applied to five commercial tomato cultivars (Amoretto, Birloque, Royesta, Tovigreen and Ulises) naturally infected by TYLC viruses. The analyses showed that Ulises, Birloque and Tovigreen exhibited a moderate resistance, and Ulises was also highly tolerant. There was a positive correlation between symptom intensity and virus titre in infected plants, suggesting that the hybridization technique could also be used as an early estimator of tolerance. Finally, molecular hybridization and nucleotide sequence analyses of the begomovirus intergenic region showed that the local TYLC virus population consisted of a single species, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV, formerly TYLCV-Israel), with low genetic variation (nucleotide identity between isolates higher than 97%).     

引起糖甜菜细菌性叶斑病的萎蔫短小杆菌新致病变种

 1995年在内蒙古临河市新发现了糖甜菜细菌性叶斑病,从病斑所分离的10个细菌菌株经柯赫氏法则验证,均确系该病的病原菌。采用形态观察、表型特征和生理生化特性测定、数值分析、血清学反应、细胞化学成分分析、DNA G+C mol%和DNA-DNA同源性测定进行了鉴定,并与植物病原棒形细菌15个标准菌株进行了比较。该病原菌为革兰氏阳性细菌,不规则短杆状,有一根鞭毛、亚极生或侧生,结合其生理生化特性、细胞化学成分和DNA G+C mol%和DNA-DNA同源性测定结果,认为应属于短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)的萎蔫短小杆菌(Cur. flaccumfaciens),数值分析也支持这一结论。此外,据血清学反应结果及其对短小杆菌属的其它植物寄主的致病情况,认为该病原菌应是萎蔫短小杆菌种下的一个新的致病变种,定名为Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. beticola pv. nov. Chen et al.,2000(萎蔫短小杆菌糖甜菜致病变种)。     

种植方式与种植密度对大力士高粱的影响

本试验用裂区设计,研究了大力士高粱在16种不同种植密度、3种种植方式下,产草量、生产速度、茎叶比、茎粗的变化情况。结果表明,在撒播密度为18 kg/hm2、条播为22.5 kg/hm2、穴播为28.5 kg/hm2时达到最高产量;生长速度在第53-55 d时最高,达5.7 cm/d;茎叶比随着产量的增加逐渐减少;茎粗随着种植密度的增大而有减小的趋势。     

草莓摘叶处理对果实芳香物质的影响

 对草莓(Fragaria×ananassa Duch．)‘哈达’品种坐果后植株进行摘叶处理，对成熟果实的糖类和芳香物质含量进行了测定分析，结果表明：不摘叶、摘1/3叶和摘2/3叶3个处理果实GC/MS分析分别检测出43、33和37种芳香物质成分。随摘叶程度加重，芳香物质成分中酯类的相对含量呈下降趋势，而醛类的相对含量呈上升的趋势；2，5-二甲基-4-甲氧基-3(2H)-呋喃酮的相对含量明显降低；果糖和总糖含量显著降低。     

Effect of GYY4137 on cytosolic lipid decomposition in mouse primary hepatocytes

AIM: To evaluate the effect of GYY4137, a novel hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) donor, on cytosolic lipid decomposition in mouse primary steatosis hepatocytes. METHODS: Oleic acid (OA) was used to induce hepatic steatosis model in vitro. The C57BL/6 mouse primary hepatocytes isolated and cultured by 2-step in situ perfusion were divided into 4 groups:the cells in control group were incubated with normal medium for 54 h; the cells in model group were incubated with OA at 1.2 mmol/L for 48 h followed by serum-free phenol red-free RPMI-1640 for 6 h; the cells in H₂S group or DL-propar-gylglycine (PAG; an inhibitor of cystathione γ-lysase, inhibiting H₂S synthesis) group were incubated with OA at 1.2 mmol/L for 48 h followed by serum-free phenol red-free RPMI-1640 which contained 1 mmol/L GYY4137 or 200 μmol/L PAG for 6 h. The glycerin release and the protein expression of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in the cells were mea-sured. RESULTS: Compared with model group, the glycerin release and the protein expression of phosphorylated HSL (p-HSL) in H₂S group decreased significantly, while those increased significantly in PAG group. CONCLUSION: In steatosis hepatocytes, exogenous H₂S possibly decreases cytosolic lipid decomposition by decreasing the protein level of p-HSL.     

农五师葡萄钾素动态变化及调节措施研究

通过叶分析研究了不同葡萄品种叶柄全钾5～9月含量动态变化规律.结果表明:葡萄叶柄钾含量在生育期内整体呈波浪式下降趋势,前期下降迅速,中期平缓,进入浆果成熟期后又趋于下降；强势品种在整个生长季节内对钾的吸收大于弱势品种；早熟品种叶柄内钾含量变化趋势比晚熟品种提前.根据新疆农五师葡萄园区土壤有效钾含量分布现状,建议生产中应根据葡萄钾元素动态变化特点,不同团场应结合当地土壤有效钾含量相应补充.     

高温胁迫下AM真菌对牡丹叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响

作者研究了高温胁迫下丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌对盆栽牡丹幼苗叶片解剖结构和蒸腾特性的影响。结果表明,供试AM真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)和地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)均能侵染牡丹根系,其侵染率分别为47%和44%。接种AM真菌的比未接种对照(CK)植株的叶片细胞排列紧密,叶片厚度、栅栏组织和海棉组织厚度均表现为接种G.mosseae植株>接种G.versiforme植株>CK。在相同高温下接种AM真菌处理的牡丹叶片蒸腾速率、气孔导度和气孔开度均显著低于CK。AM真菌提高了牡丹植株的抗热性,这对于高温胁迫下保持和提高光合效率是十分重要的。其中接种G.mosseae处理的效果优于G.versiforme