In vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility of buffaloes as influenced by grape pomace powder and urea treated rice straw supplementation

This study aimed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder levels and roughage sources on gas kinetics, digestibility and fermentation of swamp buffaloes by using in vitro techniques. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Factor A was two sources of roughage (untreated rice straw, RS, and 3% urea treated rice straw, UTRS) and factor B was four levels of grape pomace powder (GPP) supplementation (0, 2, 4, 6% of substrate) on a dry matter basis. Results revealed that GPP supplementation at 2, 4 and 6% of substrate influenced gas kinetics. Cumulative gas production tended to be lower in the supplemented group. In vitro true digestibility was higher in the GPP supplementation at 2% with UTRS while microbial mass was higher in the supplemented groups. Supplementation of GPP significantly increased the total volatile fatty acids, especially propionate. Calculated methane production was subsequently decreased in the supplemented groups. Bacterial population was higher while protozoal population was lower by GPP supplementation. It could be concluded that supplementation of GPP at 2% of the substrate with UTRS improved in vitro true digestibility, rumen fermentation end‐products as well as reducing methane production.     

中华卵索线虫人工室内培养技术

为室内大量繁殖中华卵索线虫Ovomermis sinensis,采用个体由大到小的斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura、棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera和黏虫Mythimna separata作为宿主,测定被中华卵索线虫寄生后3种宿主的体长和体重,研究宿主种类对中华卵索线虫有效率、雌雄比和体长的影响以及寄生强度对线虫雌雄比的影响。结果显示,被中华卵索线虫寄生后,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫生长减缓。在相同感染比例下（除宿主与线虫比为1∶15外）,3种宿主的线虫有效率之间差异不显著。当寄生强度为5时,3种宿主体内脱出的中华卵索线虫均为雌线虫;当寄生强度从10增到40时,斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫所脱出的雌性比分别由100.0%、90.0%、83.9%降为0;相同寄生强度下,从斜纹夜蛾体内脱出的雌性比显著高于从棉铃虫与黏虫体内脱出的雌性比。斜纹夜蛾、棉铃虫和黏虫体内脱出雌线虫和雄线虫平均体长分别为14.8、13.8、12.8 cm和8.0、7.5和7.5 cm。当中华卵索线虫与宿主按照比例20∶1～25∶1侵染斜纹夜蛾、按照15∶1侵染棉铃虫和黏虫时,能获得线虫最适雌雄比（1∶1...     

Reuolution and Research of Green Automobile

The green is as a symbol of no pollution,no public harm and environmental protection. The green automobile is the inevitable results that the automobile technique continuously developes. A new style vehicle--the green automobile is the urgent solicit of environmental protection is developed. The automobile industry can develop continuously. This article mainly discusses the importance of the green auto_mobile's research and development,the development status in quo and prospect of the green auto_mobile technique in the world,and states the relationship between the green automobile technique and environmental protection from green technical system theoretically clarify the study of green automobile,including its design and the system,the manufacture and its technology,the energy,the rebuild engineering and a series of subjects. How to evaluate the cycle and the evaluable mark of the green automobile,the prospect of green automobile are pointed out.     

THE APPLICATION OF SAND-GRAVEL-CUSHION TECHNIOUE IN THE FOUNDATION OF MOUNTAINOUS AREA

This paper presents the application of sand-gravel-cushion technique in thefoundation of mountainous area inhomogeneity and analyges non-uniformity of the foundation inmountainous,It is different from the traditional theory of sand-cushion,This is a new developmentand able to make a full use of the rock debris fill and the combinational soil-rock foundation in the mountainous areas.     

A Muti-Objective Network Planning Model for Project

Based on the network planning model developed by the author for an overhaul project of a rolling mill production line in a heavy steel plant, an new multiobjective network planning model is proposed in this paper. The formulations of network time parameters are derived. The optimization problem of multiobjective network planning is also discussed. And it has been found out that the fractional single-objctive network is only one of the cases in this model.     

高产优质商品玉米生产模式：—三种遗传效应集成利用（TEU）

通过大量详实资料，对玉米杂种优势、雄性不育，油分基因花粉直感等3种遗传效应的研究现状作了详细概述，根据相关的遗传理论与实践，提出了将三种遗传效应进行技术集成的可能性，从而形成一种高产高油玉米生产模式，有可能是未来玉米生产的发展方向。     

Study on Genetic Fingerprinting Technique of Microbial Communities

The 99% of all microorganisms in naturecannot be isolated by standard culture methods without conspicuous external characters to classify them morphologically. In addition, classification based on physiological or biochemical features are often fuzzy. Molecular techniques are used for uncultured microorganisms to explore the diversity of microbial communities and novel resources without the need of cultivation. DNA dynamics and cloning of PCR products obtained from environmental DNA is now routinely used to identify microbial populations in microbial ecology. For practical reasons the approach is not suited to study the complex dynamics of microbial communities in environment. Genetic fingerprinting techniques are better tools, which give complement for the traditional microbiological methods. The methods are rapid and relatively easy to perform, and they allow the simultaneous analysis of multiple samples, which makes it possible to compare the genetic diversity of microbial communities from different habitats, or to study the behaviour of individual communities over time.     

棉花烂铃空间格局及抽样技术研究

本文通过聚集度指标（如：Ｃ、Ｋ、Ｃ＿Ａ、Ｉ、Ｉ＿δ、）测定，以及Ｉｗａｏ’线性回归、Ｔａｙｌｏｒ’ｓＳ￣２一回归和格局纹理分析，结果表明，棉花烂铃空间格而在一切密度下都呈聚集型，且聚集强度随烂铃密度的升高而增加，其空间格局的基本成分是疏松的个体群，其大小约为２～５株棉花，平均约含２．８４个烂铃个体，且个体群内的个体呈随机分布，经μ检验和方差分析，双对角线５点式、棋盘式和平行跳跃式等３种取样方法均适用于棉花烂铃田间调查，尤以双对角线５点式为佳，用双对角线５点式应样法调查的最适抽样数：一般病情普查至少１０个样方（每样方系５株棉花），系统测报和科研调查为２０～３０个样方。最后给出了棉花烂铃平均密度的零频率简易估计模型。