氮肥和栽插密度对杂交稻"两优培九"产量及氮素吸收利用的影响

以两系杂交稻两优培九为试材,研究不同N肥用量(纯N 0、112.5、225.0、337.5 kg/hm2)和栽插密度(22.5×104、27.0×104、31.5×104穴/hm2)对产量形成及N素吸收利用的影响。结果表明:(1)栽插密度对结实率和千粒重影响较小,对单位面积穗数和每穗粒数影响较大,在22.5×104~31.5×104穴/hm2的密度范围内,穗数与每穗粒数之间具有良好的互补性,因而产量差异未达显著水平。(2)N肥用量对每穗粒数影响较小,对穗数、结实率和千粒重影响较大,纯N用量为337.5 kg/hm2时,增穗作用不显著,反而极显著降低结实率和千粒重,导致减产。(3)稻株吸N量随供N水平的提高而增加,但植株含N率和N素累积量过高不利于叶鞘茎中的N素向穗部运转,降低籽粒N素积累量,导致结实率和千粒重显著下降而减产。(4)在中等肥力土壤上,施纯N 225.0 kg/hm2,栽插密度22.5×104穴/hm2,高峰苗控制在500.0万/hm2左右,有利于两优培九抽穗前茎鞘叶N素积累和抽穗后向穗部运转,能较好地协调穗数、结实率和千粒重的关系而获得高产。     

Parental influences on gas exchange rates in grain sorghum

Summary Significant genetic variation in CO₂ assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (g), and A: g ratio, which are indicators of intrinsic differences in productivity and water use efficiency (WUE), has been demonstrated in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids. The primary objective was to determine the possible parental influence on the components of the A: g relationship in sorghum hybrids across a range of water supplies. Thirty F₁ hybrids resulting from a 6 × 6 diallel crossing pattern constituted the genetic material. Field experiments were conducted using four water supply treatments established through differential irrigation. Carbon assimilation rate (A), g, and leaf water potential (_w) of individual leaves were monitored every 15 to 20 days. Genetic analyses revealed that general- and specific-combining ability effects were evident for A. However, reciprocal and maternal effects were more important in governing the A-g and A-_w relationships. Since the maternal effects were the major determinants in causing reciprocal differences, A can be improved by selecting specific female parents to exploit cytoplasmic factors or physiological characteristics of this parent. Substantial genetic variation in the A-g relationship resulting from significant genetic control of A offers the opportunity to impose selection for high A and stability of A, which might directly contribute to whole plant WUE and productivity in grain sorghum.Abbreviations A carbon assimilation rate - g stomatal conductance to water vapor - GCA General Combining Ability - SCA Specific Combining Ability - WUE Water Use Efficiency     

Nitrogen efficiency components of winter cereals

A model to describe the importance of different physiological processes to explain grain yield differences (ΔG_w) between cropping systems (Huggins and Pan, 1993) was modified to evaluate the nitrogen use efficiency of different cereals. The method uses measurements of grain yield (G_w), grain N (N_g), above-ground plant biomass (B), above-ground plant N (N_t), applied fertilizer N (N_f), and post-harvest inorganic soil N in control plots without fertilizer (N_h). The components are N supply (N_s), N uptake efficiency (N_t/N_s), assimilation efficiency (B/N_t), harvest index (G_w/B) and N harvest index (N_g/N_t). For a first verification of the model different winter cereal species, i.e., one genotype of winter wheat, one of winter rye and one of spelt wheat, were compared in a 2-year field experiments at two sites with different soil fertility and climate. The modified nitrogen efficiency component analysis provided a good understanding of yield differences at different levels of applied N and soil fertility. The method could be useful for selection of genotypes with a high N use efficiency in breeding programmes.     

不同水肥条件下旱地小麦水肥利用率研究

探讨了不同水肥条件对旱地小麦产量和水肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同水肥条件对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重有明显影响;补充灌水和不灌水施肥处理分别比相应对照增产39．2％～142．6％和34．2％～152．3％,同时补充灌水比不灌水各处理增产21．0％～40．2％。不同肥料配比以N1P1处理的肥料利用效率最高,并以适当补灌效果最佳,补充灌水和不灌水每千克N分别增产小麦18．0kg和13．0kg。不同肥料配比处理灌水利用效率分别比对照提高0．17～0．72kg／m^3,并以N1P1最高,为1．16kg／m^3。     

Modelling Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Quantitative information regarding biomass accumulation and partitioning in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is limited or inconclusive. The objective of this study was to obtain baseline values for extinction coefficient (K_S), radiation use efficiency (RUE, g MJ^?1) and biomass partitioning coefficients of chickpea crops grown under well‐watered conditions. The stability of these parameters during the crop life cycle and under different environmental and growth conditions, caused by season and sowing date and density, were also evaluated. Two field experiments, each with three sowing dates and four plant densities, were conducted during 2002–2004. Crop leaf area index, light interception and crop biomass were measured between emergence and maturity. A K_S value of 0.5 was obtained. An average RUE of 1 g MJ^?1 was obtained. Plant density had no effect on RUE, but some effects of temperature were detected. There was no effect of solar radiation or vapour pressure deficit on RUE when RUE values were corrected for the effect of temperature. RUE was constant during the whole crop cycle. A biphasic pattern was found for biomass partitioning between leaves and stems before first‐seed stage. At lower levels of total dry matter, 54 % of biomass produced was allocated to leaves, but at higher levels of total dry matter, i.e. under favourable and prolonged conditions for vegetative growth, this portion decreased to 28 %. During the period from first‐pod to first‐seed, 60 % of biomass produced went to stems, 27 % to pods and 13 % to leaves. During the period from first‐seed to maturity, 83 % of biomass was partitioned to pods. It was concluded that using fixed partitioning coefficients after first‐seed are not as effective as they are before this stage. Environmental conditions (temperature and solar radiation) and plant density did not affect partitioning of biomass.     

稀土农用的经济效应和环境生态效应

从农业经济效应和环境生态效应二方面,论述了稀土肥料促进作物生长、发育,提高作物产量,改善作物品质的效应与机理;影响土壤区系中微生物种群数量和土壤脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶及蔗糖酶的功能,继而反馈调节作物生长;缓解酸雨、紫外辐射和重金属伤害作物的生态生理学效应;并以稀土在作物体内分布与富集规律为参考,探讨了稀土农用的安全性。实践证明,稀土农用只要严格控制剂量就能实现增强作物抗逆性和提高作物经济效益的目标。     

梯田田坎水分耗散及其对作物产量的影响初探

通过对陕北丘陵沟壑区梯田土壤水分及作物产量监测结果的分析，认为田坎水分蒸发对田面土壤水分的减少作用，在距田坎１ｍ距离内是明显的，它使作物单株产量较坡地减少了１８．２％，理论计算表明：１ｍ高田坎水分损失１０．９％，２ｍ高田坎水分损失１１．２％。     

小麦品种的抗旱性试验测定

在豫西邙岭旱区和豫西红土丘陵旱区，连续进行了４年小麦品种抗旱性筛选试验，选出了１０个抗旱性强、水分利用效率较高、耗水系数较低的小麦品种。并在豫西进行了大面积示范推广，取得了很好的效果     

坡地赤红壤不同利用模式对土壤磷和酶的影响

试验采用广东东莞花岗岩发育的坡地赤红壤为样品进行研究表明 :在坡地赤红壤的 4种利用模式中 ,旱地种植花生 ,荔枝可以有效地改善土壤的酸性 ,提高土壤肥力 ;提高土壤Al-P和Fe -P的含量 ,减少O -P的所占的比例 ,提高坡地赤红壤磷酸盐的有效性 ;增加土壤表层的脲酶和蛋白酶的活性 ,可能使土壤的磷酸酶的活性降低