间作和双接种对玉米和菜豆生长的影响

为了验证菜豆玉米间作的可行性及双接种丛枝菌根真菌和根瘤菌在此间作体系中的影响。通过采用盆栽试验的方式,测定了不同栽培及接种方式下玉米和菜豆的一些生理指标如：生物量、氮磷钾元素的含量及吸收量、叶绿素SPAD值、菌根侵染率等。结果表明：单接种时,单作下的玉米和菜豆的总生物量分别是间作下的3.26 倍和1.25 倍;双接种时也分别达到了3.08 倍和1.25 倍。然而单接种时玉米和菜豆间作后每盆的吸氮量和吸磷量分别是间作下的1.11 倍和1.05 倍;双接种时则均为1.16 倍。接种丛枝菌根真菌后玉米及菜豆的生物量、氮磷钾元素的含量及吸收量、叶绿素含量等差异均不显著,而菜豆的根瘤数却降低了。试验研究表明：间作抑制了菜豆及玉米的生长,但促进了二者对氮磷元素的吸收利用;接种丛枝菌根真菌对玉米及菜的生长无促进作用,对二者吸收利用氮磷钾元素也无明显促进,而且还抑制了根瘤菌侵染菜豆。     

蚕豆根分泌物对紫色土有效养分及微生物数量的影响

为培育紫色土肥力和合理利用蚕豆资源,本研究首先通过溶液培养法收集到蚕豆根系分泌物后,并通过真空旋转蒸发仪得到浓缩液,然后通过室内土壤培养试验,即分别在3种60 g紫色土(酸性紫色土、碱性紫色土和中性紫色土)添加2个水平[6 m L(低量)和12 m L(高量)]的蚕豆根系分泌物浓缩液,并置于25℃恒温箱中黑暗培养15 d,从而探索蚕豆根系分泌物对不同紫色土有效养分和微生物数量的影响。结果表明:在3种紫色土上,与对照相比,添加低量和高量蚕豆根系分泌物浓缩液后,土壤碱解氮含量和p H均显著降低;而土壤有效磷、速效钾、有效铁、有效锌含量和微生物数量均显著增加,且此趋势随根系分泌物浓缩液添加量增加而增强。与其他两种紫色土相比,酸性紫色土添加蚕豆根系分泌物浓缩液对于土壤碱解氮含量和p H的降低效应最明显,对土壤中细菌和真菌数量增加效应更为显著,与对照相比,增幅分别为-32.00%、-4.51%、3.51倍和9.00倍。与其他两种紫色土相比,碱性紫色土添加高量蚕豆根系分泌物浓缩液对土壤有效磷、速效钾、有效锌和有效铁含量活化效应最强,分别是对照的4.48倍、2.04倍、147.10%和128.00%。在中性紫色土上,添加高量蚕豆根系分泌物浓缩液对以上土壤有效养分和土壤微生物数量的影响介于酸性紫色土和碱性紫色土之间。总之,蚕豆根系分泌物对不同紫色土土壤有效养分(土壤碱解氮和p H除外)和土壤微生物活性有不同促进效应,这对于紫色土肥力培育有深远影响。     

速冻库中不同位置对豆包和馒头速冻效果的影响

速冻过程中的冻结速度决定着速冻食品的品质及能耗。采用速冻冷库对豆包和馒头进行冻结试验,研究速冻冷库内温度及风速场的分布及其对面食品冻结速度的影响。结果表明,靠近冷风机出风口处,气流波动剧烈,风速大,冻结速度快;远离冷风机出风口处,气流处于流场末端或回风区,风速小且波动平缓,冻结速度相对较慢。在相同条件下,馒头的冻结速度快于豆包。     

RNAi‐based Bean golden mosaic virus‐resistant common bean (Embrapa 5.1) shows simple inheritance for both transgene and disease resistance

Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) is the causal agent of bean golden mosaic of common beans. A transgenic bean line that has been developed based on RNA interference to silence the BGMV rep gene showed immunity to the virus. Crosses were done between the transgenic line and six bean cultivars followed by four backcrosses to the commercial cultivars ‘Pérola’ and ‘BRS Pontal’. The transgene locus was consistently inherited from the crosses analysed in a Mendelian fashion in the segregating populations. The disease resistance reaction co‐inherited with the transgene. Nevertheless, the expression of disease resistance displayed a dosage effect phenomenon in the F₁ generation. The analysis of the homozygous near‐isogenic lines in field conditions, under high BGMV disease incidence, indicated that the transgenic lines were completely resistant. These results show the strength of the disease resistance obtained, the stability of the trait across generations and its usefulness in the management of a disease for which there is no reported Phaseolus germplasm with immunity.     

Development of EST-SSR markers and construction of a linkage map in faba bean (Vicia faba)

To develop a high density linkage map in faba bean, a total of 1,363 FBES (Faba bean expressed sequence tag [EST]-derived simple sequence repeat [SSR]) markers were designed based on 5,090 non-redundant ESTs developed in this study. A total of 109 plants of a ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ F₂ mapping population were used for map construction. Because the parents were not pure homozygous lines, the 109 F₂ plants were divided into three subpopulations according to the original F₁ plants. Linkage groups (LGs) generated in each subpopulation were integrated by commonly mapped markers. The integrated ‘Nubaria 2’ × ‘Misr 3’ map consisted of six LGs, representing a total length of 684.7 cM, with 552 loci. Of the mapped loci, 47% were generated from multi-loci diagnostic (MLD) markers. Alignment of homologous sequence pairs along each linkage group revealed obvious syntenic relationships between LGs in faba bean and the genomes of two model legumes, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula. In a polymorphic analysis with ten Egyptian faba bean varieties, 78.9% (384/487) of the FBES markers showed polymorphisms. Along with the EST-SSR markers, the dense map developed in this study is expected to accelerate marker assisted breeding in faba bean.     

普通菜豆基因组SSR标记开发及在豇豆和小豆中的通用性分析

分子标记具种属间通用性可提高其利用效率,并降低标记开发成本。本研究基于Roche 454超高通量测序技术获得普通菜豆基因组测序结果,共开发了560个普通菜豆基因组SSR标记。利用2份普通菜豆品种对标记进行初步筛选,有421个标记能够有效扩增。用新开发的标记分析16份豇豆和16份小豆的通用性。结果显示,185个普通菜豆基因组SSR标记在豇豆中能有效扩增,通用性比率为43.9%;161个SSR标记在小豆中能有效扩增,通用性比率为38.2%;在豇豆和小豆中都能获得有效扩增条带的标记共138个;并且普通菜豆基因序列SSR标记在豇豆和小豆中的通用性比率高于基因间序列SSR标记。通用性标记的多态性分析表明,豇豆和小豆的多态性比率分别为34.0%和24.8%;且豇豆和小豆中基因间标记的多态性都比基因内标记的多态性高。上述通用性标记为豇豆属作物的多样性评价、连锁图谱的构建及基因定位等方面的研究提供了便利。     

一氧化氮、 过氧化氢参与光诱导绿豆下胚轴花青素合成

为研究光诱导花青素合成的信号转导过程,以绿豆下胚轴为材料,借助生理学方法、组织学方法和分光光度法,测量了光对花青素合成的效应、光诱导花青素合成的部位及一氧化氮（NO）、过氧化氢（H2O2）在光诱导花青素合成中的作用。结果显示,光诱导了花青素合成,花青素含量随光照时间延长而增加;花青素的合成部位为表皮下薄壁细胞;≥10 mmol/LNO合酶抑制剂L-NAME、≥300μmol/L硝酸还原酶抑制剂Na2WO4、≥300μmol/LNO清除剂血红蛋白（Hb）、≥3μmol/LH2O2产生酶NADPH氧化酶抑制剂DPI、≥10 mmol/LH2O2清除剂抗坏血酸（Vc）、≥200 units/mLH2O2清除酶过氧化氢酶（CAT）均显著抑制光诱导花青素合成,表明NO和H2O2作为中间信号分子参与光诱导的花青素合成。     

Evaluation of fungicide application rates,spray schedules and alternative management options for rust and angular leaf spot of snap beans in Uganda

Yield losses due to rust and angular leaf spot (ALS) of snap beans may reach 100% in Eastern Africa. Where susceptible varieties are grown, farmers control these diseases with routine fungicide applications. To determine an optimum application rate and spray schedule for Orius® (tebuconazole 250 g/L), we sprayed 10 mL and 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water twice at two trifoliate leaf stage and 50% flowering, and three times at the same stages, with an additional application at pod initiation. In farmers’ fields, we tested the effect of fungicide sprays, use of resistant variety, intercropping, increased plant spacing and farmyard manure on rust and ALS diseases. Application three times of 20 mL Orius® per 15 L spray water reduced rust severity scores by 5.7 and 2.4 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Lowest rust and ALS severities were observed when a resistant variety, fungicide or farmyard manure was used. Pod yield increments due to disease management ranged between 13% and 242%. Prophylactic fungicide application, use of resistant varieties and farmyard manure can be used to reduce disease severity and improve snap bean quality on smallholder farms.     

绿豆抗旱指标鉴选与评价

采用人工盆栽控水试验,对21份绿豆种质资源进行抗旱期综合评价,鉴选绿豆品种抗旱性指标体系。结果表明,与绿豆抗旱性相关的10个指标经主成分分析被分为3个主成分,其中茎高、茎粗、结荚数、叶面积、叶绿素含量、丙二醛含量、脯氨酸含量与绿豆抗旱性密切相关。采用聚类分析,并结合绿豆隶属函数法综合分析,将21份绿豆品种分成：强抗旱品种为‘良丰1号’、‘HX04037’和‘榆绿1号’,中抗旱性品种为‘嫩绿1号’、‘兴绿1号’、‘天山大明绿’、‘西绿1号’、‘绿宝绿豆’、‘赤绿3号’、‘白绿1号’、‘中绿1号’、‘晋绿1号’、‘八宝绿豆’、‘中绿6号’、‘鑫绿1号’和‘HX04050’,弱抗旱性品种为‘冀北12－1号’、‘绿珍珠2号’、‘ZKY－2’、‘白绿522’和‘邯绿8号’。     

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus establishes an asymptomatic carrier state in kidney leucocytes of juvenile Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L

Juvenile Atlantic cod (10 g) were infected with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) by intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation. Fish showed no signs of disease but IPNV could be re-isolated from kidney tissue for up to 12 weeks. On weeks 2, 5, 8, 10, 11 and 12 following infection, kidney leucocytes were fractionated on Percoll gradients, and cells separated into plastic adherent and non-adherent cell populations after overnight incubation. IPNV was detectable in lysates of both cell populations and in supernatants by culture in CHSE-214 cells. Wells containing 10(5)-10(6) macrophages had an IPNV TCID(50) of about 10(3)/well and in serially diluted macrophages the minimum number of cells required to detect virus ranged from 10(1) to 10(4). These data indicate that about one in 10(4) macrophages were infected and the mean number of virus/infected cell was about 10. Replication of IPNV in the macrophages was low as the titre of the virus in macrophage lysates did not increase between days 1 and 3 of culturing the macrophages, but virus was released into the supernatant over this time.