Tracking the Trade in Ornamental Coral Reef Organisms: The Importance of CITES and its Limitations

The extraction of coral reef organisms for the aquarium and curio trade is reported to be contributing to coral reef degradation. The total international trade and associated impacts are unknown, because data are collected only for organisms listed on Appendix II of CITES, which include stony corals, antipatharians and giant clams. CITES data indicate that trade in live stony coral and reef substrate (live rock) increased by 15–30% each year during the 1990s, with most exports since 1992 from Indonesia and Fiji. Overall, 19% of all stony coral traded (by item) from 1985 to 1997 was live; 71kern-1pt% of this was traded between 1993 and 1997 (52% of total trade). Although tracking trade using information from the CITES Trade Database provides limited information (e.g., coral is reported to genus, and volume is reported by item or weight), the CITES mechanism promotes the development of strategies to protect resources. In response to CITES requirements, Indonesia developed a management plan for sustainable harvest of corals, but not for non-CITES listed species such as soft corals and fishes. Trade in hard and soft coral provides revenue for developing countries; however, in order to be of lasting value the industry must be developed with a conservation ethic. This requires support for international programs such as CITES, management plans for sustainable harvest, and improved enforcement.     

Sampling error resulting from depth-dependent plankton distributions and current differentials in a two-layered system

We evaluate a source of error observed in standard ichthyoplankton bongo tows in which volumes of water filtered did not result in increased catches of red-fish. Our analyses demonstrate that, under conditions where redfish larvae are distributed in surface waters in a two-layered system, current differentials between surface and subsurface layers resulted in biased, standardized estimates of larval abundances as a result of filtering varying amounts of subsurface waters. Analysis of standard survey results on Flemish Cap demonstrated that this source of bias was limited to the May-June period, after waters became stratified and before redfish passed from the larvae to pelagic juvenile stage. Correcting for this source of sampling bias wIII result in more accurate absolute estimates of ichthyoplankton abundance, and we estimate that variation (CV) for replicate samples may be reduced by 10%.     

发展中国椰子科技国际合作交流的探析

介绍加强椰子科技国际合作交流的背景及中国椰子科技国际合作概况,分析中国椰子产业缺乏具有国际竞争和科技含量高的椰子深加工产品,缺乏高层次椰子科技国际合作交流的人才,缺乏与国外科研机构合作开发较大的椰子产业的科研项目等我国椰子科技国际合作存在的问题,针对以上问题对中国椰子科技国际合作交流的进一步发展提出了建议。     

时空尺度对灰色系统理论预测秸秆折标煤量的影响研究

能源供给潜力的准确预测对秸秆生物质资源开发具有重要意义,数据的时空尺度对预测精度有重要的影响。在不同的时间尺度（7、10、12和15a）下研究了灰色系统理论Grey Model（1,1）模型及其拓展形式对全国、京津冀、河北三个空间尺度上秸秆折标煤量的预测精度,确定各空间尺度上的最优模型和数据时间尺度,分析影响可收集秸秆折标煤量的主要因素,并得到2021-2030年的预测结果。结果表明,灰色Verhulst模型的预测效果整体最好,10a时间尺度下的预测精度要明显高于7a、12a和15a,全国地区的预测精度为99.69%和99.72%,高于京津冀和河北省地区的预测精度;全国主要农作物和粮食农作物可收集秸秆折标煤量主要受到播种面积和单位面积产量双因素的影响,而京津冀和河北地区的主要农作物和粮食农作物可收集秸秆折标煤量则主要受单位面积产量的影响;2021-2030年的预测结果表明,全国主要农作物和主要粮食作物的可收集秸秆折标煤量基本稳定,而京津冀和河北地区的秸秆可收集折标煤量呈增加趋势,且主要粮食农作物的秸秆折标煤量的增速高于主要农作物秸秆折标煤量的增速。研究结果反映了京津冀协同发展对京津冀地区尤其是河北现代化农业格局发展和秸秆生物质资源量的影响,得到了不同空间尺度上影响秸秆折标煤量的关键因子,对灰色系统理论预测秸秆生物质资源潜力、推动能源格局转变有理论意义。     

基于SPEI的宁夏沿黄城市带干旱特征及驱动性分析

宁夏沿黄城市带气候变化敏感,生态环境脆弱,探究区域干旱驱动机制,对进一步研究黄河流域高质量发展,优化区域农业水资源管理具有重要意义。利用研究区1995—2015年的气象资料,采用彭曼蒙特斯模型(P-M模型)和标准降雨蒸散指数(SPEI)获得区域潜在蒸散发量和干旱指数,通过Mann-Kendall突变检测法、滑动t检验和Pettitt突变检验,分析了研究区干旱时间变化周期,利用冗余分析法定量分析宁夏沿黄城市带干旱驱动因素。结果表明:(1)研究区在季节尺度上,单季旱发生频繁,以春季和秋季发生为主,自北向南整体呈现由高到底的趋势,且主要发生在北部地区,整体以0.013/10 a速率呈湿润化趋势;(2)在年尺度上干旱的下降趋势具有全域性,自北向南呈现由高到底的趋势;(3)宁夏沿黄城市带SPEI-12值在研究时段呈现逐年下降的趋势,通过3种突变检测函数,确定2008年出现异常值,这与降水分布一致;(4)各环境因子对SPEI指数的解释率均在75%以上,降水量、温度、地表净辐射是驱动SPEI值主要环境因子。其中,降水量对SPEI的贡献率最高,呈显著正相关关系。     

维药“热合美康宫栓”的制备与质量标准

[目的]没食子、石榴皮等制成复方栓剂并应用于临床.[方法]选用甘油明胶为基质,用热熔法制备,并制定其质量标准,应用于临床,观察疗效.[结果]所制栓剂符合药典栓剂有关规定.该制剂处方合理,制备工艺简单,质量易于控制,临床应用方便,疗效确切.[结论]该研究为宫颈炎、宫颈糜烂及阴道炎患者提供一个疗效好、起效快、疗程短、安全无毒的维吾尔药.     

我国松花菜出口应对日本“肯定列表制度”研究

选取十字花科甘蓝属的松花菜作为研究对象,对比了我国松花菜的农药最大残留限量标准与日本的异同,并从涉及的农药的种类、残留限量值及农药超标原因综合分析方面提出了对策。     

我国环境二噁英监测现状分析

介绍了我国当前的二噁英排放控制标准、监测技术规范,分析了二噁英监测能力现状和二噁英监测工作中存在的问题,并提出了相应的建议。     

维药小茴香根质量标准的初步研究

[目的]研究民族药维药小茴香根的质量标准.[方法]按《中国药典》2010年版附录Ⅸ对中药材小茴香根的水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物、重金属进行测定,并按附录方法对中药材粉末进行显微鉴定,寻找小茴香根在显微镜下的最常见的特征性细胞.[结果]中药材小茴香根的质量标准含水量以不得超过9.00％为宜;总灰分不得高于10.50％,酸不溶性灰分不得高于2.50％为宜;冷浸法水溶性浸出物量以不得低于30.00％,热浸法水溶性浸出物量以不得低于45.00％为宜;冷浸法醇溶性浸出物量以不得低于13.00％,热浸法醇溶性浸出物量以不得低于20.00％为宜.[结论]该试验结果为建立维药小茴香根药材的质量标准提供了依据,方法简单易行.