耐铬菌群特性及其修复土壤铬污染的条件优化

[目的]筛选及鉴定了耐铬菌群,以期为土壤铬污染治理提供帮助。[方法]从铬污染土壤中筛选、驯化获得耐重金属铬菌液,经分离纯化得到6株纯菌株,经形态观察、生理生化实验、16S rDNA序列分析和系统发育分析对其进行鉴定,同时用该修复菌液对人为添加重金属铬(Ⅵ)污染的土壤进行修复试验研究。[结果]土壤中添加优势修复菌液,可增加铬(Ⅵ)的还原能力;只添加菌液的寡营养土壤铬(Ⅵ)污染去除率为60.0%～99.5%;添加营养菌液的富营养土壤铬(Ⅵ)去除率为92.0%～99.6%。[结论]修复菌液最适pH为7.5,最适温度为30℃,加入牛粪可以显著加速铬(Ⅵ)的修复效果。     

Levels of outcrossing and contamination in two Pinus sylvestris L. seed orchards in Northern Sweden

The joint levels of outcrossing and contamination in two young northern Swedish Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed orchards were studied with the aid of allozyme markers. High levels of contamination (21–36%) were estimated and were attributed to the observed low within orchard pollen production. Outcrossing rate estimates were high (0.957–0.961), though they departed significantly from complete outcrossing (t= 1.0) in spite of the observed high contamination levels. These results confirmed reported relationships between outcrossing and contamination levels in open‐pollinated seed orchards. It was concluded that a crop management option relying on supplemental mass‐pollination would be effective in reducing both contamination and inbreeding levels.     

不同改良剂对土壤-叶菜系统Cd迁移累积的调控作用

为筛选适合在中轻度镉污染土壤上有效降低叶菜吸收镉的改良剂及用量,采用镉污染菜地土壤进行盆栽试验,研究不同用量的石灰、泥炭和碱渣对小白菜（Brassica chinensis L.）生物量、镉吸收量,土壤pH及有效态镉含量的影响。结果表明,3种改良剂对小白菜生长均无显著的抑制作用;与不施改良剂的处理相比,石灰、泥炭显著抑制小白菜对镉的吸收,地上部镉含量与石灰和泥炭用量均呈显著负相关关系（R=-0.668、-0.785,P〈0.05）,碱渣对小白菜地上部镉含量的影响不显著,但显著增加根系镉含量;改良剂均显著提高土壤pH,但对DTPA-Cd影响不同,石灰显著降低DTPA-Cd,泥炭、碱渣均有增加DTPA-Cd含量的趋势;泥炭对土壤-小白菜系统Cd迁移的调控效果最佳,其最佳用量为20 g.kg-1土,石灰次之,碱渣不适合。     

煤矸石等组成的无土栽培基质重金属污染及蔬菜安全评价

利用煤矸石、油菜秸秆等废弃资源为原料,按（煤矸石：腐熟秸秆）体积比为2：8、3：7、4：6、5：5和6：4的比例配制成5种混合基质,在人工光照室内以盆栽的方法栽培白菜、生菜、苋菜、菠菜、茄子、番茄、辣椒和萝卜8种蔬菜,采用尼梅罗综合污染指数和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对5种混合基质以及其上生长的8种蔬菜的重金属污染和潜在生态风险进行了综合评价。结果表明,5种混合基质中,煤矸石含量较少的T1、T2、T3基质的重金属污染程度较小,潜在生态风险程度较低,在这3种基质上栽种的蔬菜重金属综合污染评价等级为优良或安全,符合蔬菜绿色食品标准。重金属对混合基质产生的污染中,Cd和Hg是主要的重金属污染及潜在生态风险因子,其他重金属的污染能力较小。另外,在评价由煤矸石为无机原料组成的有机生态型无土栽培基质的重金属污染及潜在生态风险时,应选择国家土壤环境质量一级标准作为参比值,且煤矸石在混合基质中所占的体积比一般不应超过1/2。     

模拟铅胁迫下玉米不同基因型生长与铅积累及各器官间分配规律

我国遭受重金属污染的土地中有87%左右是中轻度污染土壤类型,深入研究不同植物对重金属的吸收和转运积累规律,是科学利用植物和土壤资源的重要基础工作。通过玻璃网室盆栽模拟污染的手段,研究了玉米6种基因型在铅中度污染胁迫（800mg·kg^-1）与轻度污染胁迫（400mg·kg^-1）下的植株生长、铅吸收积累及其在玉米不同器官间分配的规律。结果表明,不同铅污染胁迫下,玉米不同基因型的生长及铅吸收量达到极显著差异（P〈0.01）,铅在不同器官之间的分布形式也存在显著的基因型差异。轻度铅污染胁迫不同程度地促进玉米所有供试基因型的生长,而中度污染胁迫下糯玉米基因型生物量最大。与正常土壤对照条件下的表现相比,不同程度铅污染胁迫下基因型申甜1号的生物量增幅最大,表现出较强的铅耐受能力。不同基因型的玉米体内铅积累量随着污染水平的提高而增加,各器官内铅积累浓度差异规律为根〉叶〉茎〉穗。掖单13号具有较强的铅转运能力（TF=0.6628）,申甜1号的生物富集能力最强（BCF=0.0264）,掖单13号和申甜1号均具有较强的铅吸收和积累能力,属于潜在的高积累基因型。但掖单13号根部富集量少而穗部积累多,申甜1号根中铅积累较多而果穗中较少。2个甜玉米基因型果穗内铅积累量较少,其含量符合国家规定的食品生产相应的安全标准。     

维生素C和中草药添加剂对夏季种公鸡精液污染率和种蛋受精率的影响

为研究维生素C和中草药添加剂对夏季种公鸡精液污染率和种蛋受精率的影响,选取40周龄体重相近的安卡红种公鸡30只,随机分为3组,分别为维生素C组、中草药组和对照组,对照组喂基础日粮,试验组分别在基础日粮中添加250 mg/kg的维生素C和1.5％的中草药。结果表明：维生素C组和中草药组的平均精液污染率比对照组降低了24.34％和17.34％,且差异显著（P＜0.05）;维生素C组和中草药组的受精率分别比对照组提高了2.17%和4.35%,且差异显著（P＜0.05）。说明在热应激条件下,在日粮中添加适量的维生素C和中草药可显著降低种公鸡精液污染率,改善精液品质,进而提高种蛋受精率。     

Effects of the ruminal comminution rate and microbial contamination of particles on accuracy of in situ estimates of ruminal degradability and intestinal digestibility of feedstuffs

Effects of considering the comminution rate (k_c) and the correction of microbial contamination (using ¹⁵N techniques) of particles in the rumen on estimates of ruminally undegraded fractions and their intestinal digestibility were examined generating composite samples (from rumen‐incubated residues) representative of the undegraded feed rumen outflow. The study used sunflower meal (SFM) and Italian ryegrass hay (RGH) and three rumen and duodenum cannulated wethers fed with a 40:60 RGH to concentrate diet (75 g DM/kgBW^0.75). Transit studies up to the duodenum with Yb‐SFM and Eu‐RGH marked samples showed higher k_c values (/h) in SFM than in RGH (0.577 vs. 0.0892, p = 0.034), whereas similar values occurred for the rumen passage rate (k_p). Estimates of ruminally undegraded and intestinal digestibility of all tested fractions decreased when k_c was considered and also applying microbial correction. Thus, microbial uncorrected k_p‐based proportions of intestinal digested undegraded crude protein overestimated those corrected and k_c?k_p‐based by 39% in SFM (0.146 vs. 0.105) and 761% in RGH (0.373 vs. 0.0433). Results show that both k_c and microbial contamination correction should be considered to obtain accurate in situ estimates in grasses, whereas in protein concentrates not considering k_c is an important source of error.     

Campylobacter Cross‐Contamination of Chicken Products at an Abattoir

Consumption of raw or undercooked poultry products contaminated with Campylobacter has been identified as a risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. We determined whether slaughtering of Campylobacter‐positive flocks was associated with contamination of chicken products derived from Campylobacter‐negative flocks slaughtered at the same abattoir. The presence of Campylobacter was investigated in 22 broiler farms 1 week prior to slaughter and in one abattoir on nine separate slaughter days. A total of 600 bulk packed chicken products were tested, with 198 (33.0%) of the products found to be Campylobacter positive. Of the 350 chicken products originating from Campylobacter‐positive flocks, 180 (51.1%) were contaminated with the bacteria. In contrast, only 18 (7.2%) of 250 chicken products derived from Campylobacter‐negative flocks were contaminated. In 14 of these 18 products, the Campylobacter isolates were identical to isolates obtained from the flock slaughtered immediately prior to the Campylobacter‐negative flock. Notably, on 4/6 slaughter days, Campylobacter‐negative flocks were slaughtered prior to the positive flocks, and Campylobacter was absent from all chicken products originating from the negative flocks. These results suggest that implementation of logistic slaughter (where Campylobacter‐negative flocks are slaughter first) significantly decreases the prevalence of Campylobacter‐positive chicken products.     

陕西省潼关县农田重金属污染分析与评价

为掌握潼关县的农田重金属污染状况,于2015年采集当地土壤样品、畜禽粪便样品、有机肥料样品、过磷酸钙肥料样品以及玉米籽粒样品,测定分析各样品的Pb、Cd、Cr、As和Hg质量分数,并采用单因子污染指数法和综合污染指数法对污染现状进行评价。结果显示,该县土壤存在一定程度的污染,Pb、Cd和Hg超标率分别达到16.0%、56.0%和80.0%;另外,鸡粪中Cr质量分数超标率为8.3%,猪粪中Cd超标率为5.0%,牛粪和生物有机肥中5种重金属元素均未超标,P_2O_5≥16%磷肥中As超标率为12.5%,玉米籽粒中Pb、Cd和Hg超标率分别为8.3%、8.3%和16.7%;相关分析显示,牛粪、P_2O_5≥16%磷肥以及玉米籽粒与土壤重金属质量分数呈正相关。说明,施用牛粪和重金属元素质量分数较高的磷肥对该地区土壤重金属污染有一定影响,且农作物籽粒重金属污染受土壤污染影响明显。     

基于稳定同位素和贝叶斯模型的引黄灌区地下水硝酸盐污染源解析

地下水硝酸盐（NO₃^-）污染已经成为全球严重的水环境问题之一,由于饮用水中高含量NO₃^-会转化成亚硝酸盐而增加各种疾病和癌症风险,其来源的确定对于NO₃^-污染的预防和控制非常重要。本文以黄河下游第二大灌区——潘庄灌区为例,首次采用NO₃^-的氮氧稳定同位素结合贝叶斯模型追溯地下水NO₃^-的来源并量化各种来源的贡献比例。结果表明,地下水NO₃^-含量分布在0.1~197.0 mg·L^-1,平均值为34.2 mg·L^-1。与《生活饮用水卫生标准》中规定的地下水NO₃^-最大含量[20 mg（N）·L^-1,相当于NO₃^-含量90 mg·L^-1]相比,有10%的样品NO₃^-含量超标。井深<30 m、30~60 m和>60 m的地下水NO₃^-平均含量分别为25.9 mg·L^-1、39.7 mg·L^-1和20.1 mg·L^-1。空间上,宁津县、武城县、平原县和禹城市有大片区域地下水NO₃^-含量较高。地下水NO₃^-的δ¹⁵N组成范围为0.72‰~23.93‰,平均值为11.62‰;δ¹⁸O组成范围为0.49‰~22.50‰,平均值为8.46‰。同位素结果表明粪便和污水、农业化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要污染来源。这反映了人类活动是引起地下水NO₃^-污染的主要原因。贝叶斯模型结果显示,粪便和污水对潘庄灌区地下水中NO₃^-平均贡献率高达56.2%,化肥的平均贡献率为19.3%,大气降水和土壤的平均贡献率分别为6.2%和12.3%。由于污水、粪便和化肥是地下水中NO₃^-的主要来源,为保护和改善研究区地下水水质,建议加强污水管道建设,强化畜禽粪便的管理以及提高化肥利用效率。