晋西坝地土壤入渗特征浅析

通过对坝地高粱、玉米耐淹实验资料的计算分析，初步了解了坝地土壤的入渗特征：坝地入渗率的大小与淹水深度呈正相关；坝地从初渗到稳定入渗所需时间，清水为４８小时，洪水为１６８小时；其稳定入渗率，清水为０．１７～０．２４ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ，洪水为０．０１７～０．０２３ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ。上述计算成果为坝地防洪保收和设计淤地坝的放水建筑物提供了依据。     

The effects of ryegrass roots and shoots on loess erosion under simulated rainfall

Numerous studies have demonstrated that vegetation coverage is very important to control soil erosion by water. However, the combined impacts of plant roots and shoots on soil erosion by water and the relative contributions of the roots and shoots are not clearly understood. Four rainfall simulation experiments with the rainfall intensity at 1.5 mm min^− 1 were conducted at an interval of 5 weeks to investigate the effects of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) shoots and roots on soil erosion and runoff reductions. Ten ryegrass planted pans and four fallow pans were prepared for the experiments. The first rainfall simulation experiment was conducted after ryegrass had been planted for 12 weeks. It showed that compared with the runoffs in the fallow pans, the runoff in the planted pans decreased 25% and 70% in the 12th week and the 27th week, respectively; and the sediment decrements amounted up to 95% in the 27th week. The results also indicated that the shoot effect on runoff reduction, accounting for over 50% except in the 27th week when the shoot affect also accounted for 44%, was relatively greater than the root effect. However, the roots contributed more to soil loss reduction than the shoots, and in particular accounted for 90% of soil loss reduction at the 27th week. Both the soil erosion rate and average infiltration rate were linearly correlated with root surface area density in cm² root surface area per unit soil volume. Ryegrass planting could improve soil physical properties, especially soil aggregate stability, which increased from 33.1% in the 12th week to 38.5% in the 27th week. The study results are probably useful in evaluating the effects of plant shoots and roots on soil erosion control.     

采暖热负荷计算方法的比较

热负荷计算的准确与否，直接影响到采暖系统的效果。本文用《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范》、《供热工程》和《实用供热空调设计手册》三本资料提供的参数编制了计算程序，以大连地区一栋20层住宅为例，进行了详细计算，采暖热负荷结果有偏差并对计算结果进行了详细的分析。     

The response of partly cooled tulips to vacuum infiltration with gibberellins

Partly cooled (5°C) tulip ‘Apeldoorn’ were treated with gibberellins GA₃ and GA_{4 + 7} by vacuùm infiltration, with a view to defining conditions suitable for exploiting the effects of GA on forced tulips (faster flowering, control of stem extension, reduction of floral bud blasting).The first experiment showed that GA₃ and GA_{4 + 7} were equally effective in reducing the glasshouse period following 6 or more weeks cold storage; with less than 6 weeks cold storage, effects were less marked. Stem length at flowering was reduced by GA treatments, particularly by GA₃ and following more than 6 weeks cold storage. However, the vacuum infiltration method used (30 min at 10 torr) resulted in serious flower losses.Next, the effect of GA₃ concentration (up to 1500 mg 1^?1) was studied using vacuum infiltration treatments for 1–15 min at 20–510 torr, which resulted in fewer flower losses. Following 4 weeks cold storage, reducing pressure or increasing GA₃ concentration reduced both glasshouse period and stem length, with no effect of duration of treatment; GA₃ concentration was the only factor affecting flower length, which was increased. Following 8 weeks cold storage, increasing GA₃ concentration, vacuum or duration reduced glasshouse period. With all 3 factors at their maximum levels, 16 days earliness was obtained compared with controls. With maximum earliness, stem length was reduced to about 23 cm, compared to about 26 cm for treatments giving about 1 week's earliness, and 32 cm for untreated controls. Increasing vacuum appeared the most economical way of obtaining earliness, 20 torr giving 7 days earliness even at only 250 mg GA₃ 1^?1. Treatments giving earlier flowering also gave larger flowers. For comparison, there was little effect of soaking bulbs at atmospheric pressure even at 500 mg GA₃ 1^?1 for up to 20 h.Further experiments, conducted with vacuum infiltration at 260 torr for 15 min, confirmed these GA effects using formulated GA₃ (as “Berelex”) and GA_{4 + 7} (as “Regulex”). Effects of GA on stem length at flowering had disappeared by the time stems reached their final length. Comparisons with bulb injection of GA showed that this method required less GA than vacuum infiltration for similar effects, and that the greater effectiveness of GA_{4 + 7} compared with GA₃ was less marked using vacuum infiltration.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF FATTY INFILTRATION OF THE LIVER IN DAIRY CATTLE USING LIVER-KIDNEY CONTRAST

Ultrasonography of both the liver and kidney in 150 dairy cows was attempted using a grey-scale sonograph with a 3.5 MHz transducer and a linear array electronic scanner. Liver and kidney specimens were examined microscopically and fatty occupying rate was calculated. Digital analysis of hepatic and renal ultrasonograms was performed. The echoes from different areas of the liver and kidney at 1 and 3 cm from the peritoneum were quantified as histogram mean (Emean) and histogram mode (Emode) values of echo amplitude.
Liver-kidney contrast was performed only in 38 out of 150 animals. In the other 112 animals, no images of the liver and kidney at the same distance from the peritoneum could be obtained. Out of 38 animals, 23 had a normal liver and 15 had fatty infiltration of the liver (7, 5 and 3 animals had mild, moderate and severe fatty infiltration, respectively). Fatty infiltration of the kidney was also seen in animals whose liver had >10% fatty occupying rate. At 1 cm from the peritoneum, the hepatic Emeans and Emodes were significantly different from the renal Emeans and Emodes in animals with severe fatty infiltration of the liver (p < 0.05). The results show that for diagnosis of fatty infiltration of the liver, Ultrasonography using liver-kidney contrast has only limited use in dairy cattle.     

土壤水分入渗影响机制研究综述

分析了土壤水分入渗理论及过程模型发展历程,阐明了此领域目前的研究热点。重点对影响土壤水分入渗的结皮、初始含水率、密度、机械组成、结构、有机质含量、温度、钠离子含量及剖面特征等因素逐个做了仔细分析,总结了各因素对土壤水分入渗能力的影响机制。在此基础上,提出土壤水分入渗研究未来研究重点。     

尿素溶液浓度对一维垂直入渗特性影响的试验研究

通过室内试验分析了尿素肥液浓度对一维垂直积水入渗的累积入渗量、湿润锋以及入渗结束后土壤含水量的分布影响.结果表明:累积入渗量和湿润峰运移距离随着尿素肥液浓度的增大而减小;在不同区域,尿素肥液浓度对土壤含水量分布影响不同,在传导区,土壤含水量随着肥液浓度的增大而增大,在湿润区,土壤含水量随着肥液浓度的增大而减小.研究结果可以为农田灌溉施肥技术提供支持.     

降雨条件下岩体边坡稳定性数值模拟与分析

根据某高速公路岩体边坡的实际情况和基本资料,选定典型边坡,建立降雨入渗条件下该边坡非稳定饱和一非饱和渗流分析的有限元模型,分析在汛期暴雨和平均降雨两种工况下边坡内的地下水渗流场及其变化规律,确定地下水荷载。进一步模拟边坡分级开挖、支护过程,计算分析各阶段边坡应力变形规律和位移变化,以及在2种工况下的边坡稳定性。结果表明,降雨后的最小安全系数比降雨前有所减小,局部安全系数小于1．0,有滑坡危险;锚索支护后降雨的最小安全系数比支护前要大,较小安全系数的分布范围有一定的减小,安全系数提高幅度较大,能满足稳定性要求。该结果不仅可以为工程施工提供科学的理论依据,而且对边坡加固措施以及滑坡的预测预报也具有重要的指导作用。     

涌泉根灌土壤湿润体影响因素的试验研究

滴头流量、灌水量及埋深与土壤湿润体的关系是涌泉根灌设计的依据。通过室内土槽试验,研究了涌泉根灌的滴头流量、灌水量及滴头埋深对均质粘壤土湿润体变化的影响。结果表明：涌泉根灌土壤入渗湿润体在垂直向下距离和水平扩散距离均与灌水时间成幂函数关系,相关系数达到0.98以上;滴头流量和灌水器埋深对土壤入渗湿润体影响较大,而灌水量对...     

垂直线源入渗土壤水分分布特性模拟

基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论,利用Hydrus-2D软件分析了垂直线源入渗条件下的土壤水分分布特征。通过试验对比验证,反推出试验土壤的水力参数。结果表明,Hydrus-2D软件可用于垂直线源入渗土壤水分分布特征的模拟,且精度较好。对不同灌水技术要素条件下的垂直线源入渗土壤水分分布特征进行模拟研究,结果表明,垂直线源入渗条件下,不同质地土壤的湿润体形状差别不大,大小有明显的差别：砂壤土和粘壤土的水平湿润半径分别是砂土的0.59和0.24,垂直湿润深度分别是砂土的0.42和0.31;在不同线源埋深情况下,土壤湿润体的形状和大小差别不大,湿润体的位置有显著的差别,当埋深增加5cm,砂土、砂壤土、粘壤土的垂直湿润深度分别增加6%、11.5%、16%;线源长度和直径对土壤水分分布影响较大,其中线源长度主要影响垂直湿润深度,线源直径主要影响水平湿润半径;初始含水率高时,相同断面处的含水率增大;在相同入渗时段内,湿润锋水平运移距离和垂直运移距离随土壤初始含水率的增大而增大。