Oral vaccination of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) with BCG: immune responses,persistence of BCG in lymphoid organs and excretion in faeces

AIMS: To determine immune responses, and the localisation and persistence of Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) in gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) and other organs in possums vaccinated orally with lipid-formulated BCG vaccine. To determine the duration of excretion and longevity of survival of BCG in the faeces of vaccinated animals.

METHODS: Possums (n=28) were vaccinated with lipid-formulated BCG (1 x 10 ⁸ colony forming units (cfu) of formulated BCG) by the oral route. Control possums (n=17) were fed oral bait pellets containing formulation medium only. Possums were sacrificed at 3 days and at 1, 3, 6 and 8 weeks after vaccination or ingestion of bait. Proliferation responses to bovine purified protein derivative (PPD) were measured in lymphocytes from blood and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and samples of lung, spleen, liver, MLN and Peyer's patches (PP) were cultured for the presence of BCG. The number of BCG organisms excreted in faeces and the duration of excretion were determined in eight vaccinated possums and eight control possums over a 3-week period. In a separate experiment, a further six possums were vaccinated with oral BCG vaccine (5–10 x 10 ⁸ cfu BCG/possum) and their faeces collected over 48–72 h, for culture of BCG. The longevity of survival of BCG in these faeces was determined by storing faecal samples (n=12) under three different conditions: in an incubator (22.5°C), and conditions which simulated the forest floor and open pasture. A proportion (1–2 g) of these faecal samples was collected after storage for 1, 3, 5, 8 or 20 weeks, and cultured for BCG.

RESULTS: Possums vaccinated orally with BCG vaccine showed strong proliferation responses to bovine PPD in peripheral blood lymphocytes at 6–8 weeks post-vaccination (p.v.). Positive lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) responses to bovine PPD were first evident in MLN at 3 weeks p.v. BCG was cultured from MLN and PP in a proportion of animals at 3–8 weeks p.v. BCG was not cultured from sections of spleen, lung or liver at any time p.v. BCG was recovered in low to moderate numbers from the faeces of vaccinated possums for up to 7 days, and maximal numbers were cultured in faeces collected 48–72 h p.v. After storage for 1 week, BCG was cultured from all faecal samples placed in the incubator and from a proportion of faeces exposed to conditions similar to those on the forest floor and pasture. With the exception of one faecal sample stored under forest floor conditions which was culture-positive for BCG at 3 and 5 weeks, BCG was not cultured from any other faecal sample stored for more than 1 week.

CONCLUSIONS: Ingestion of oral BCG vaccine by possums was associated with the development of strong cell-mediated immunity in both blood and MLN. Following oral vaccination with BCG, the organisms were localised and persisted in GALT but did not spread to the spleen, liver or lungs. BCG was shed in low to moderate numbers in the faeces for up to 7 days p.v. The viability of BCG excreted in faeces decreased rapidly, particularly when faeces were exposed to an open pasture environment. Oral vaccination of possums with formulated BCG is unlikely to result in undue contamination of the environment with BCG.     

四种樟属树种幼树的光合生理特性比较

采用Li-6400光合测定仪系统研究了樟属树种香樟、岩桂、天竺桂、猴樟的幼树在不同生长季节的田间光合生理特性.结果表明,4种樟属树种幼树在春季、夏季的净光合速率日变化都呈“双峰”型曲线变化,出现典型的“光合午休”现象,并且第一峰值高于第二峰值;而在秋季各树种幼树的净光合速率日变化则都呈“单峰”型曲线变化.4种树幼树的光合作用生理指标各不相同,但光适应能力均较强;其中,净光合速率高低排序为香樟、猴樟、天竺桂、岩桂,光饱和点高低排序为香樟、猴樟、天竺桂、岩桂,光补偿点高低排序为天竺桂、猴樟、岩桂、香樟,表观量子效率高低排序为香樟、猴樟、天竺桂、岩桂,CO2补偿点高低排序为猴樟、天竺桂、岩桂、香樟.多元逐步回归分析结果表明,影响净光合速率的关键环境因子随树种不同而变化,对香樟的净光合速率有显著影响的因子是光合有效辐射、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,对岩桂和天竺桂的净光合速率有显著影响的因子是气温、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度,对猴樟的光合速率有显著影响的因子是光合有效辐射和气温.     

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灌区节水潜力主要取决于节水工程的投入、节水灌溉技术推广应用程度、灌区需水程度、管理水平等因素.节水的主要途径有高效利用浅层地下水、开源与节流并重;衬砌输水渠道、推广田间节水灌溉技术、降低作物的经济需水量;调整作物种植结构、降低灌区结构需水量;改善耕作制度、培育和推广节水抗旱优良品种、覆盖保墒、减少生物耗水量,并加强灌溉管理和调控水价促进节水.只有采取多项综合实用措施,才能达到良好的节水效果.     

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南阳是河南省粮食主产区,夏粮产量对全年粮食生产至关重要。虽然在小麦生育前期,基本苗和苗情都和黄淮高产麦田没有很大差别,但由于后期外界因素的差别和影响,主要是倒春寒、干热风和连阴雨,易形成冻害、冷害、赤霉病、植株早衰、穗发芽等,导致穗粒数减少,粒重降低,品质下降,产量受到很大影响。通过小麦灌浆期、灌浆阶段影响南阳小麦灌浆的外界因素的分析,提出如何应对南阳小麦灌浆期的各种不利因素,认为提高小麦灌浆速度和缩短灌浆时间,着重增加小麦粒重,从而提高小麦产量和质量。     

农产品供应链内部节点的知识共享行为分析——构建基于MOA理论的影响因素研究模型

基于MOA理论,从共享动机、共享机会、共享能力3个方面分析影响农产品供应链内部节点知识共享行为的主要因素,提出相应假设,建立影响因素的研究模型,为后续实证研究奠定基础。