燕麦散黑穗病菌冬孢子萌发条件研究

为明确燕麦散黑穗病菌(Ustilago avenae)冬孢子在自然生境中的萌发条件,研究了疏亲水界面、不同温度、湿度、光照时间、pH、碳源和氮源对冬孢子萌发的影响。结果表明,亲水界面促进冬孢子萌发,在水琼脂培养基上萌发率最高;冬孢子萌发的最适温度为20~25℃,温度过高或过低均抑制其萌发。冬孢子对湿度要求较高,RH≥90%时才可萌发,且萌发率较低。光照对冬孢子萌发的影响不明显,酸性条件有利于冬孢子萌发,最适pH为4~7,葡萄糖和蛋白胨可促进冬孢子萌发。     

Economic effects of proposed changes in living conditions for laying hens under the National Organic Program

In this paper, we estimate the costs and benefits of implementing the proposed National Organic Program for laying hens compared with alternatives. For the regulatory proposals under option 2, the regulatory cost will be zero because most producers are already in compliance with the proposed regulation. The anticipated benefits of this regulation will be zero as well, because the current market prices already reflect consumers’ willingness to pay for the existing animal welfare conditions. For the regulatory proposals under option 3, before market adjustments, the average regulatory burden for the entire organic egg industry will amount to $0.09 per dozen eggs, with extreme variations between $0 for small operations and $2.30 per dozen for large operations. If we rely on the average price of organic eggs, $2.69 per dozen, and assume a maximum estimated benefit associated with improved animal welfare conditions, that consumers would be willing to pay of about 30% above the current market price, the estimated benefit of regulation amounts to $0.81 per dozen eggs. Based on the findings, we conclude that option 2 is welfare neutral and could be easily adopted because it already has been adopted by representative producers. For option 3, the benefit-cost ratio is larger than 1, which indicates that the proposal passes the benefit-cost ratio test. The obtained result, however, has to be interpreted with serious reservation because of the differential effect that the proposed regulation would have on different industry participants. Under option 3, the effect of the proposed changes on small organic egg producers is negligible because most small producers are operating under conditions similar to the proposed living standards. However, costs will increase substantially for large organic egg producers and likely cause a substantial number of producers to exit organic production and switch to conventional production, which would cause a substantial decline in the prices of conventional eggs and organic feed in the short run.     

Temperature conditions in the Argentine chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus) fishing ground: implications for fishery management

We describe the seasonal migrations of Argentine chub mackerel ( Scomber japonicus ) into the fishing ground in relation to sea surface temperature conditions and analyse the temperature evolution during the fishing season on the basis of 1955–97 time-series. The upper temperature limit for the presence of schools was around 19°C. At higher values, most schools leave coastal waters (< 50 m) for the shelf. An inverse relationship was observed between catches per unit of effort (CPUE) of the inshore fishery and sea surface temperature. The highest standardized CPUE values corresponded to temperatures lower than 19°C. Above this temperature, the probability of obtaining a standardized CPUE higher than 1 was extremely low, and the standard deviations were minimal. The economic benefit from catches was also analysed through the different months of the fishing season. It was found that the mean benefit corresponding to temperatures lower than 19°C exceeded approximately 15 times that obtained at higher temperatures. A simple fishing strategy was proposed to the commercial fleet in order to improve the economic benefit of the catches. The migratory pattern followed by mackerel during the spawning period was also analysed in relationship to other environmental factors like food availability. Zooplankton composition, size structure and abundance in coastal and shelf waters are described, and their implications for feeding ecology of larvae and adults of the species are discussed.     

Estimating theoretical radiation‐use efficiency for kale crops

Establishing the radiation‐use efficiency (RUE) of forage brassica crops will aid our understanding of their photosynthetic performance. The concept of RUE has been developed for cereals and legumes, but there is limited information for forage brassica crops. Three experiments defining the influence of different sowing dates on ‘Gruner’ kale (Brassica oleracea acephala L.) dry matter production were conducted at Hastings (Hawkes Bay) and Lincoln (Canterbury) in New Zealand between 2002 and 2009. These trials were also evaluated for radiation interception and RUE. Delayed sowing increased RUE in two out of three experiments across sites: from 1·93 g MJ^?1 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for December‐sown crops to 2·72 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for January‐sown crops at Hastings and from 1·50 for September‐sown crops to 2·00 g MJ^?1 PAR (P < 0·001) for November‐sown crops at Lincoln. The different sowing dates and years of experimentation provided a range of mean temperatures (from 13 to 16°C) during the vegetative period. Across years and sowing dates, RUE was strongly correlated with mean temperature (R² = 0·81) and sowing date (R² = 0·64), but weakly correlated with season length (R² = 0·11) and dry matter (R² = 0·002). There was also a strong correlation (R² = 0·83) between sowing date and mean temperature. The increase in RUE with delayed sowing was therefore mainly attributed to increased mean temperatures. Radiation‐use efficiency increased at about 0·41 g MJ^?1 for each 1°C increase from 13 to 16°C.     

低温下硅对春小麦种子萌发及抗氧化和渗透调节系统的影响

为了解硅缓解低温胁迫春小麦种子萌发的作用,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,分析了低温条件下硅酸钠处理后春小麦种子萌发、渗透调节物质含量和保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温条件下硅酸钠处理后,春小麦种子萌发显著受到促进,发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数提高,其中以1.0mmol·L-1硅酸钠处理效果最好;小麦种子α-淀粉酶、超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性以及可溶性糖含量显著提高,丙二醛含量、外渗电导率和脯氨酸含量显著降低。说明外源硅可缓解低温对春小麦种子萌发产生的影响。     

白砂糖干燥与冷却机理及影响

砂糖的含水量、装包温度和仓储条件对其贮存保质具有重要影响。本文从白砂糖的含水分特性、干燥机理和生产过程环节等对白砂糖干燥与冷却的影响进行深入分析。由于结晶过程的包裹现象,砂糖含水分可分为表面和内部水分,白砂糖干燥过程只能去除前者。生产过程中煮糖、分蜜操作对内部水分含量有影响。贮存过程的内部水分的扩散是砂糖降质的根本原因,而装包温度和贮存条件是影响内部水分扩散的外在条件。     

2000—2019年黄土高原地区土壤保持时空变化及影响因素分析

为揭示全球气候变化背景下黄土高原的生态建设成效,以土壤保持量为评估指标,应用美国修正通用土壤流失方程,评估了黄土高原土壤保持服务功能以及植被、气象等因素对其影响,分析了2000年以来植被和气候变化影响下黄土高原土壤保持量时空动态变化特征。结果表明:2000—2019年黄土高原土壤保持量平均值为109.5 t/hm²,并呈增加趋势,平均每年增加2.0 t/hm²,空间分布黄土高原中部和东部土壤保持量增加较明显。2000年以来黄土高原地区植被NPP呈增加趋势,年平均值为330.5 gC/m²,且平均每年增加7.2 gC/m²; 2000年以来植被覆盖度年平均值为29.2%,且以平均每年0.52%的趋势增加。黄土高原地区2000年以来气温和降水量均显著增加,平均年降水量为469.1 mm,且呈增加趋势,平均每年增加3.1 mm,年平均气温为10.2℃,平均每年增加0.03℃。黄土高原生态恢复措施加强,加之区域“暖湿化”有利气候条件,促进了区域生态建设成效显现,成为黄土高原生态恢复、功能提升的重要因素之一。     

不同立地条件下沙棘土壤水分分布特征及动态生长研究

为探究不同立地条件下沙棘土壤水分分布特征和生长情况,采用样地试验,设置2种坡向（阴坡、阳坡）和3种坡位（坡顶、坡中、坡底）进行研究。研究表明：（1）各样地内的土壤水分季节变化可划分为消耗期（5—6月）、快速补充期（6—7月）和消退期（7—9月）,天然降水对土壤含水率影响较大;（2）各样地内的土壤水分垂直分布为土壤水分显著变化层（Cv>0.2）、土壤水分次变化层（0.2>Cv>0.1）和土壤水分相对稳定层（Cv<0.1）;（3）不同立地条件对土壤水分及植株的生长具有显著影响。阴坡土壤水分明显高于阳坡,土壤水分由坡顶向坡底呈递减趋势;沙棘的生长指标及存活率表现为阴坡>阳坡,不同坡位表现为坡底>坡中>坡顶。研究结果可为玛纳斯县前山地带沙棘造林提供参考和理论依据。     

基于FCM聚类法对行驶工况的构建

主要研究FCM聚类法在车辆行驶工况中的应用。通过对合肥市典型道路的试验,获取大量的实验数据,划分为多个运动学片段,并运用多元统计理论方法及Matlab对数据进行分析和处理,引入11个表征汽车行驶特性的特征参数进行研究。运用主成分分析这种数理统计理论,同时通过FCM聚类方法,对合肥市道路行驶工况进行分析与仿真,拟合出能够代表合肥市的代表性工况。通过对实验数据的分析表明,拟合的行驶工况有利地反映了合肥的汽车保有量、城市结构、交通流分布、驾驶行为习惯及道路特征等的情况。     

侧孢短芽孢杆菌 BL-21产抗菌物质发酵条件的研究

[目的]侧孢短芽孢杆菌菌株 BL-21是一株生防菌,对烟草赤星、小麦赤霉以及稻瘟病菌等多种植物病原真菌具有抑制菌丝体生长的作用。将侧孢短芽孢杆菌的培养基进行优化,可提高抗菌物质的产量。[方法]通过单因子试验对菌株 BL-21产抗菌物质的条件及培养基成分进行了优化,并对指示菌进行筛选。[结果]通过试验得到最适指示菌为烟草赤星病菌,最优的培养条件为,培养基初始 pH值8.0、培养温度30℃、装液量90 ml/250 ml、转速180 r/min、发酵时间48 h,并明确了以葡萄糖作为碳源,以牛肉膏作为氮源最有利于抗菌物质的产生。加入5 g/L NaCl和0.2 g/L MnSO4可提高抗菌物质的产量。[结论]优化的培养基更有利于抗菌物质的产生,为今后的进一步研究奠定良好的基础。