芒果去皮机的设计及其控制研究

芒果的外皮比较厚硬,富含纤维素,通常在加工前都必须去皮。与其它水果一样,由于芒果的品种不同,形状不同,成熟度不同,则去皮的难易程度就不同,不同的去皮方法所去皮层上的带肉率也不同。目前,芒果去皮的机械化程度较低,为提高芒果去皮的机械化程度及效率,介绍了一种新型的芒果去皮方法,对基于液压系统对芒果去皮过程的运动及控制进行了研究。     

小麦秸秆压缩弯曲特性试验研究

为给秸秆圆捆打捆装置和其它打捆机构提供相应的力学参数和理论基础,根据麦茎秆的几何尺寸,并利用万能试验机控制夹具加载速度对不同含水率的麦秸秆进行弯曲、轴向压缩和径向压缩等力学特性试验,得出载荷-位移等曲线,并获得相关力学参数数据。利用Origin将数据直观地反映出来,再用MatLab对试验数据进行拟合,得出拟合方程。试验结果表明:麦秸秆压缩所需要的力大于弯曲所需的力;含水率和夹具加载速度在一定范围内时,无论是在麦秸秆的弯曲试验还是压缩试验中,载荷峰值的大小与加载速度和含水率都有关,因此在设计打捆压缩成型机构时需考虑含水率与其关键机构工作转速对打捆装置的影响。     

Temporal changes of soil physical quality under two residue management systems

Although crop residue management is known to affect near‐surface soil physical quality, little is known about the temporal variability of these indicators over short time intervals. This study evaluates the temporal changes of nine indicators of soil physical quality. These are organic carbon content, structural stability index, bulk density, macroporosity, air capacity, relative field capacity, plant available water capacity, Dexter's S‐index and saturated hydraulic conductivity. A second set of soil physical indicators, based on the distribution of soil pore volume, was also evaluated. The indicators were determined in three different times during the growing cycle of winter durum wheat cultivated within a long‐term field research carrying out in Southern Italy and comparing two types of crop residue management, that is, burning (B) and soil incorporation (I). Only the bulk density changed over time for both treatments, although the air capacity also changed for the incorporation of wheat residues. Residual effects of the autumnal soil tillage and soil compaction were a common source of variability, irrespective of which treatment was used. Based on the existing guidelines for evaluating the physical quality of these agricultural soils, optimal or near‐optimal values were detected in about half of the cases under consideration. This suggests that both B and I create sufficiently good conditions for crop growth during the crop cycle. The comparison between observed and optimal soil pore distribution function was always poor. The pore volume distributions showed lower densities of small pores and relatively higher densities of large pores than the proposed optimal distribution. This study also suggests that the considered optimal or references curves probably cannot be applied successfully to a wide range of agricultural soils.     

论亭口水库灌注桩施工技术

钻孔灌注桩由于对各种地质条件的适应性强、施工简单易操作且设备投入不是很大,具有低噪音、小震动、无挤土,承载力高,适应各种地质条件和不同规模建筑物等优点,在桥梁、水工建筑物、房屋建筑等工程中均有广泛应用.本文结合亭口水库灌注桩施工,简单介绍一下灌注桩施工工艺.     

基于灰色理论的畜禽粪便环境污染风险预测分析

本文运用灰色建模理论中的灰色数列预测方法,利用北京密云县10个乡镇的畜禽粪便实际负荷量和最大负荷量的确定,对未来年份的畜禽粪便负荷预警值进行预测。结果表明:该流域各乡镇未来十年所受畜禽粪便的污染威胁均呈现逐年加剧趋势,其中石城和番字牌预警值上升最快;冯家峪、大城子和新城子次之,高岭、太师屯和不老屯呈现缓慢上升态势。     

农用运输车用液力缓速器的设计与仿真分析

为解决农用运输车长时间制动造成的热衰退问题,参考THB40液力缓速器,基于相似理论设计了一款液力缓速器。计算确定了其设计制动力矩值和定转子叶轮参数,运用Pro/E构建了其三维结构,并在CFX14.5平台上以SST-kω湍流模型进行仿真计算。结果表明:制动力矩符合设计要求,流场的特征与THB40流场特征高度一致,为设计适合农用车用液力缓速器提供了借鉴。     

矩形薄壁侧堰水力特性试验研究

侧堰作为一种量水设施,精度较高、结构简单、安装和拆卸方便,较易在灌区应用和推广,有很大的研究价值。对不同宽度和高度的矩形侧堰在缓流条件下进行了试验,分析了各工况下矩形渠道侧堰上、下游水面线、能量分布、流量系数等水力因素。结果表明,主渠道侧堰段能量基本保持不变,符合De Marchi的恒定能量假定;主渠道靠近侧堰边壁、中心线以及另一边壁三处的水面波动程度不同,说明侧堰对堰前水流产生影响;基于De Marchi假定和无量纲分析原理得到的流量公式最大相对误差均在±10%以内,满足灌区量水精度要求。     

ZFS4800型液压支架的结构分析与强度计算

液压支架是煤炭工业中最主要的支护设备,为工人安全生产和设备的正常工作提供了保证.介绍了液压支架的工作原理,并使用Solid-edge软件对液压支架进行三维建模,完成了对液压支架的虚拟装配.通过对ZFS4800型液压支架的结构简化和分析,建立了液压支架的强度计算过程,结果表明其性能可靠.     

弧形流道结构参数对灌水器水力性能影响的数值模拟

应用计算流体动力学CFD数值软件FLUENT6.3,模拟了滴灌灌水器弧形及弧齿形二种结构形式流道的流场水力性能。结果表明,弧形流道的消能方式主要为沿程水头损失,弧形流道灌水器的流态指数在0.7左右,而弧齿形流道中存在许多流动漩涡区,因此,其消能方式主要为局部水头损失,弧齿形灌水器的流态指数在0.5左右。通过对比分析认为:弧齿形流道水力性能优于弧形流道,可以通过结构参数优化设计,减小0流速区域,强化旋涡区,提高弧齿形灌水器的水力性能与抗堵塞能力,灌水器设计中推荐采用弧齿形流道结构形式。     

Hydraulic conductivity and porosity under conventional and no-tillage and the effect of three species of cover crop in northern France

We studied soil hydraulic conductivity (K) and porosity in five combinations of soil tillage and cover crop management systems. Treatments were winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown on a conventionally tilled soil (CT), on a no‐till soil (NT), and on an NT with three different cover crops: red fescue (Festuca rubra L.; Fr), bird's‐foot‐trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; Lc) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.; Ms). Measurements were made on a loamy soil in Grignon, France, in November 2004, May 2005 and October 2005. K and mean size of hydraulically active pores were measured in situ at three water potentials (?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa) at the soil surface and at 10 cm depth. In November 2004 and May 2005, pore space was described using 2D image analysis of pores on undisturbed soil samples in the 0–10 cm layer and in the 10–20 cm layer. The major differences were caused by soil tillage that created two heterogeneous soil layers and increased K in the 0–10 cm layer relative to NT. The effects of cover crop on K and porosity were not affected by the root type: there were no major differences between the grass cover crop (fibrous‐root type) and the leguminous ones (tap‐root type). However, we recorded larger functional pores and more tubules in the no‐till treatments with a cover crop, compared with the no‐till treatment without cover crop; this was probably the result of root activity. Although these changes generally did not result in larger values of K, they participated in the maintenance of soil structure and K over time.