“一户一田”会影响粮食单产吗?——基于山东省506个农户的实证分析

为进一步释放土地制度改革红利,保障粮食安全,基于山东省2地市6县市区506个农户的调查数据,利用Cobb-Douglas生产函数探究“一户一田”对粮食单产的影响。结果表明：1)实施“一户一田”会增加粮食单产,即实施“一户一田”与小麦和玉米单产存在稳定的正向关系。2)实施“一户一田”对不同农户群体影响存在差异,即实施“一户一田”后,仅农业劳作和家中非农劳动力少的受访农户其小麦和玉米单产增幅更大。3)农户生产经营培训情况、农民合作社员身份、村组土地质量等因素对粮食单产有促进作用,参加过生产经营培训、合作社成员和土地质量高的受访农户其粮食单产更高。因此,政府应尊重民意,鼓励村组因地制宜分类实施“一户一田”,同时优化村组生产条件,从而提高粮食产量,实现稳产增产。     

Survey on the Listeria contamination of ready-to-eat food products and household environments in Vienna, Austria

Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.     

农业劳动者素质与促进农业增长方式的转变

从提高农业劳动者素质对促进农业增长方式转变的意义及其重要性论述插入手,分析了中国农村劳动者整体素质的现状,提出了全面提高农业劳动者综合素质的几点政策建议。     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

农户农地流转行为及影响因素实证研究——以山西农村固定跟踪观察户为例

本文运用山西农村固定跟踪观察户的资料,对农户农地流转行为及影响因素进行研究。研究结果表明：营地户减地行为总体强于增地行为,与此对应,营地户呈现强化包出行为而弱化包入行为的趋势,但现阶段包出力度仍低于包入力度;家庭拥有耕地的规模与零碎度、家庭收入水平、家庭劳动者接受培训的比率、家庭经营非农化程度、家庭人口数量等是影响农户农地流转的主导因素;农户在农地流转中表现出了较高的经济理性,尤其表现在高收入户、高文化户、受培训户和有声望户。     

Measuring fish catch and consumption: Practical methods for small‐scale fisheries based on length as an alternative to weight‐based approaches

Small‐scale fisheries are recognised as making important contributions to nutrition and economic development despite a lack of accurate quantitative information on catches and consumption. While direct measurement remains the most appropriate way of collecting such data, it is impractical at large scales. Instead, household surveys based upon informant recall of fish caught and/or consumed are frequently used. However, the accuracy of weight recall by informants (even over short recall periods) has not been established. Using data from household surveys, the accuracy and precision of catch and consumption estimates derived from: (a) asking informants to recall weights of fish caught and (b) asking respondents to recall lengths of fish caught and converting to weight were tested. Length‐based methods, using visual aids to assist recall, were more accurate, precise and correctable. These methods could be useful for catch estimation, especially where fish are processed, sold or consumed shortly after capture.     

借贷、投资行为对家庭消费影响的动态分析——基于现金流量模型的视角

借贷、投资行为对家庭消费具有重要影响,理清其中关系,有利于建设消费型经济。利用微观数据构造家庭现金流量表,将现金流分为经营、投资和筹资三类,分别与家庭日常收支、投资与借贷行为相对应,对现金流的实证结果表明借贷与投资行为都明显促进了家庭消费。在投资行为中,房地产投资对消费影响最大,金融投资影响微弱;借贷行为对消费具有带动作用,但不是体现在需求弹性最小的日常生活消费上;投资、借贷行为是通过增加家庭净资产和提升幸福感来实现对消费的拉动。     

农户对环境友好型技术的采纳意愿及异质性分析——以湖北省为例

为了解农户对环境友好型技术的采纳意愿,利用湖北省农村地区的调查数据,基于计划行为理论,运用有序logistic回归模型探究农户环境友好型技术采纳意愿的影响因素。结论表明:1)80.73%的农户愿意采纳环境友好型技术,技术收益预期是影响农户采纳意愿的关键因素。2)行为态度、主观规范及知觉行为控制均显著影响农户采纳意愿。具体而言,技术收益预期、邻里效应和技术学习容易程度对农户技术采纳意愿有显著正向影响。3)不同技术收益预期、邻里效应影响及技术学习容易程度限定下,农户技术采纳意愿的影响因素具有异质性:种植规模对高收益预期农户采纳意愿影响更强;受乡邻行为影响越大的农户对技术学习容易度要求越高;对认为技术学习较难的农户而言,农技部门提供技术帮助是影响其采纳意愿的重要因素。政府应加大技术培训和推广力度,制定差异化的技术采纳鼓励政策,切实推进环境友好型技术的推广和实施。     

小麦种植大户农业新技术需求意愿影响因素分析——基于河南省790户小麦种植大户的调查数据

[目的]深入了解影响小麦种植大户农业新技术需求意愿的主要因素,为农业技术推广配套改革方案的制定提供理论依据.[方法]以河南省790户小麦种植大户调查材料为依据,运用二元Logistic回归模型对小麦种植大户农业新技术需求意愿及其影响因素进行实证分析,并提出对策建议.[结果]户主性别、年龄、文化程度、合作社成员身份、对国家粮食补贴政策的满意度、技术风险感知、技术关注频率、新技术的易用程度、对农技推广员的服务满意度等变量显著影响小麦种植大户对新品种的需求意愿;户主性别、年龄、文化程度、种植规模、合作社成员身份、对国家粮食补贴政策的满意度、技术风险感知、技术关注频率、新技术的易用程度、对农技推广员的服务满意度等变量显著影响小麦种植大户对病虫害防治技术的需求意愿;户主性别、文化程度、合作社成员身份、国家粮食补贴金额、对国家粮食补贴政策的满意度、技术风险感知、技术关注频率、新技术的易用程度对农技推广员的服务满意度等变量显著影响小麦种植大户对测土配方施肥技术的需求意愿;户主性别、文化程度、是否兼业、种植规模、合作社成员、国家粮食补贴金额、对国家粮食补贴政策的满意度、技术风险感知、技术关注频率、新技术的易用程度、对农技推广员的服务满意度等变量显著影响小麦种植大户对机械化技术的需求意愿.[建议]应提升小麦种植大户对农业技术认知水平、加大农村土地流转力度、鼓励适度规模经营、加大新型农业技术补贴力度、加强农业社会化服务体系建设,以扩大农业新技术的推广范围及应用效率.     

不同类型农户对耕地保护的认知差异及影响因素分析——基于山东省227户农户的问卷调查

以山东省227户农户调查数据为依据,通过分组对比,分析不同类型农户耕地保护政策认知差异及其影响因素.结果表明:(1)不同类型农户对耕地数量变化的认知存在差异,但农户总体认为近年来耕地数量有所减少,减少的耕地主要作为建设用地使用;(2)农户对耕地价值及相关耕地保护政策的认知水平普遍较低,且不同类型农户对同一政策以及同一类型农户对不同政策的认知情况存在显著差异;(3)不同类型农户对于耕地保护的意愿均较高;(4)农户对耕地保护的认知差异受到农户的年龄、受教育程度及年限、家庭收入、信息获取途径以及宣传等多重因素的影响.研究认为当农户明确自身的主体地位,且其自身对耕地保护政策的认知程度与耕地保护政策目标相一致时,农户对于耕地保护的自觉性与积极性便会得到充分激发,从而实现耕地资源持续高效利用.