协助自然修复微量元素污染酸性土壤研究：8年田间试验

There are many remediation techniques for organic contaminated soils,but relatively few of them are applicable to trace elementcontaminated soils.A field experiment was carried out to investigate assisted natural remediation（ANR） of an acid soil contaminated by As,Cd,Cu,Zn and Pb using one inorganic amendment,sugar beet lime（SL）,and two organic amendments,biosolid compost（BC）and leonardeite（LE）.The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design with four treatments in three replicates:1) a non-amended control（NA）;2) SL amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1;3) BC amended at 30 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 and 4) LE amended at 20 Mg ha^-1 year^-1 plus SL amended at 10 Mg ha^-1 year^-1（LESL）.The amended plots received two doses of each amendment（DO2）:one in October 2002 and another in October 2003.The plots were then divided in half into two subpolts and one subplot received another two doses of the same amendments（DO4） in October 2005 and October 2006.In 2011,the pH values of the amended soils were greater than that of the NA soil,with the SL-amended soil showing the highest pH.Total organic carbon（TOC） was also greater in the amended soil,and greater with DO4 than with DO2.Amendments reduced the concentrations of 0.01 mol L^-1 CaCl₂-extractable Cd,Cu and Zn,especially in the SL-amended soil.Plant cover of colonizing vegetation was enhanced by amendments,but was independent of amendment doses.Changes in soil properties from 2003 to 2011 showed that the first amendment application of DO2 caused a high differentiation between all the amendment treatments and the NA treatment.After the second application of DO2,soil pH and TOC continued increasing slowly.Further two applications of amendments（DO4） caused differences only in the organic treatments.Plant cover increased over time in all the treatments including NA.It could be concluded that the slow and steady natural remediation of this soil could be enhanced by amendment application（ANR）.     

氯化钠不同浓度对夏玉米生长和吸氮的影响

采用珍珠岩为基质的温室盆栽试验,研究不同盐分(NaCl)水平对夏玉米生长和吸氮的影响。试验设灌溉水中NaCl浓度为0、10、20、40和60mmol.L5个处理。结果表明,在出苗后的25～101d(7月25日～10月10日),当NaCl浓度达到60mmol.L时,明显降低了夏玉米的叶面积、株高、干物质量和根长;盐分对植株体内各器官的氮含量影响不大。随着NaCl含量的增加,植株的总氮累积量将减少,且植株中累积氮量随时间呈二次函数增长。     

不同湿度条件下与植物残茬共培养的土壤中的低分子量脂肪酸

Iucubation experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamics of low-molecular-weight aliphatic acids i two andosols with and without plant materials.Results showed that amount of low-molecular-weight aliphatic acids in soils alone varied considerably with water regime under which the soil was incubated,duration of incubation and soil organic matter content,ranging from 257-860μmol kg^-1 soil,of which 19%-33% was in free state.Incorporation of plant matrials increased greatly both the amount and unmber of members of low-molecular-weight aliphatic acids,and also the proportion of low-molecular-weght aliphatic acids occurred in free state ,Generally,among these ,aliphatic acids detected,acetic,propionic,glyoxalic and formic acids were predominant.     

影响菜豆体内铁再利用效率的因素及其机理

本文在人工气候室中，用营养液培养方法，并结合同位素示踪技术研究了铁的供应状况，两种形态氮素（ＮＯ＾－３－Ｎ和ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ）及叶处遮光对菜豆体内铁再利用效率的影响，并对其有关机理进行了深入的研究。结果表明，铁的缺乏有利于累积在根和初生叶中的铁身新生组织中转移，铁的再利用效率明显提高。无论有缺铁还供铁条件下，ＮＨ＾＋４－Ｎ的供应使得菜豆新叶中活性铁含量、新叶叶绿素含量及体内铁的再利用效率都明显高于Ｎ     

转基因植物释放Bt毒素的土壤环境行为与生物学效应

Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)杀虫晶体蛋白基因是植物抗虫基因工程中应用最广泛的基因,随着大批转Bt基因作物的商品化,Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的影响已引起了人们的高度关注。本文对转基因植物释放Bt毒素的土壤环境行为与生物效应进行了综述,包括Bt毒素蛋白进入土壤的途径、在土壤中的运动、与土壤颗粒的结合与存留及其对土壤生物和土壤酶的影响。     

Perennial Wild Relatives of Chickpea as Potential Sources of Resistance to Helicoverpa armigera

The legume pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübn.), is one of the major constraints to chickpea production, and host plant resistance is an important component for the management of this pest. The levels of resistance in the cultivated chickpea are low to moderate, and therefore, we evaluated 17 accessions of perennial Cicer along with three cultivated chickpea genotypes for resistance to H. armigera. There was a significant reduction in both leaf feeding and larval weights when the larvae were fed on the leaves of Cicer microphyllum Benth. accessions ICC 17146, ICC 17236, ICC 17240, and ICC 17248. Relative resistance index based on leaf feeding, larval survival, and larval weight indicated that C. microphyllum accessions ICC 17146, ICC 17236, ICC 17234, ICC 17240, ICC 17243, and ICC 17248 were highly resistant to H. armigera. Under natural infestation, accessions belonging to C. microphyllum, C. canariense Santos Guerra et Lewis, and C. macracanthum M. Pop suffered a damage rating of <2.0 compared to 4.0 in C. judaicum Boiss. accession ICC 17148 (annual species) and 8.5–9.0 in the cultivated chickpeas (1 = <10% leaf area damaged, and, 9 = >80% leaf area damaged). There was considerable diversity in the accessions belonging to perennial wild species of chickpea, and these can be exploited to increase the levels and diversify the basis of resistance to H. armigera in the cultivated chickpea.     

Influence of soil and host plant crop on the genetic diversity of Azospirillum amazonense isolates

The genetic structure of Azospirillum amazonense populations isolated from the rhizosphere soil and washed and surface-sterilised roots of rice, maize and sorghum plants, cropped simultaneously in two different soils (clay loam and sandy loam) was characterised. Genetic diversity was measured by restriction fragment length polymorphism of the amplified 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region (RISA-RFLP) and cluster analysis. Four genetically distinct clusters of isolates were observed with 78% similarity, suggesting that the A. amazonense population was heterogeneous at the strain level regardless of the soil type or host plant. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) demonstrated that the host plant had a highly significant selective effect on the genetic structure of this species, especially on those isolates intimately associated with them, but also to a lesser extent on isolates from the rhizosphere and washed roots. The soil type also had a highly significant selective effect on A. amazonense genetic diversity, especially for those isolates from the rhizosphere soil. The selective effect of the soil type combined with that of the host plant suggests that environmental factors, such as soil texture and composition of exudates provided by C₃ or C₄ plants, play major roles in the overall genetic structure of A. amazonense populations associated with these cereals.     

华北地区采用无机氮测试和植株速测进行夏玉米氮肥推荐

A field experiment with a split-plot design was carried out at Dongbeiwang Farm in Beijing Municipality to establish reliable N fertilizer recommendation indices for summer maize (Zea mays L.) in northern China using the soil Nmin(mineral N) test as well as the plant nitrate and SPAD (portable chlorophyll meter readings) tests. The results showed that Nrnin sollwert (NS) 60 kg N ha^-1 at the third leaf stage and N rate of 40 to 120 kg N ha^-1 at the tenth leaf stage could meet the N requirement of summer maize with a target yield of 5.5-6 t ha^-1. Sap nitrate concentrations and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings in the latest expanded maize leaves at the tenth leaf stage were positively correlated with NS levels, indicating that plant nitrate and SPAD tests reflected the N nutritional status of maize well. Considering that winter wheat subsequently utilized N after the summer maize harvest, the 0-90 cm soil Nmin (74 kg N ha^-1) and apparent N loss (12 kg N ha^-1) in the NS60＋40 treatment were controlled at environmentally acceptable levels. Therefore NS60＋40, giving a total N supply of 100 kg N ha^-1, was considered the optimal N fertilizer input for summer maize under these experimental conditions.     

Microbial Immobilization and Plant Uptake of Different N Forms in Three Forest Types in Shikoku District, Southern Japan

Soil microbial immobilization and plant uptake of N were evaluated for three forest types in Kochi, Shikoku district. During 196-d laboratory incubation, soil NO₃-N production in the Hinoki cypress forest was negligible for the initial 40 d and then rapidly increased, whereas NO₃-N production was rapid from the beginning in Japanese cedar and deciduous hardwood forests. Microbial immobilization of the labeled ¹⁵N decreased in the order of NH₄-N>glycine-N>NO₃-N. The ¹⁵N immobilization was higher for soil in the Hinoki cypress forest than other two soils. The delayed NO₃-N production in the Hinoki cypress forest was likely related with low availability of NH₄-N due to NH₄-N immobilization and substantial NO₃-N immobilization. In the field experiment, ¹⁵N uptake by roots decreased in the order of NH₄-N>NO₃-N>glycine-N. The absorption of the labeled ¹³C suggested direct uptake of organic N. The preference of N forms by root uptake was not different among forest types. Trees in three forest types can absorb inorganic and organic forms of N, suggesting trees absorb the N form that is the most abundant in the soil.     

施用玉米植株残体对土壤富里酸组成、结构及其变化的影响

采用元素分析和谱学方法对施入玉米植株残体后的土壤FA的变化进行了研究，结果表明，施入玉米植株残体后土壤FA的C、H、N含量均升高，而O的含量降低，并且C／H、O／C和C／N比值均降低。土壤中FA的羧基含量减少，芳香碳的含量下降，FA的氧化程度降低，芳香度显著下降，FA的分子结构向更为简单化的方向发展。同时，酰胺成分增加，脂族链烃结构成分明显增多。土壤FA与无机矿物质的结合能力相对减弱，FA上的羧基逐渐由羧酸盐的形式向游离的羧基形式过渡。玉米植株残体的加入使FA中糖类结构成分增加。对土壤中FA的影响，施入玉米秸秆和根系残体的处理有一定差别。