Contamination of shallow groundwater system and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields

This study focuses on experimental pilot assessment of contamination of shallow groundwater systems and soil-plant transfer of trace metals under amended irrigated fields. The study approach involved a pilot experimental (greenhouse) set-up of organo-mineral amended test plots/troughs (40 cm × 47 cm × 46 cm) planted with two common vegetable crops (Amaranthus hybridus and Abelmoschus esculentus) and irrigated with wastewater. In addition to the geochemical analyses of the primary un-amended and amended soils before planting as well as residual soils after harvesting, measurements of the physico-chemical parameters and chemical analyses of trace metals concentrations in irrigation leachates and harvested vegetable tissues were also undertaken following appropriate standard sample preparation and analytical methods.The results of the geochemical analyses carried out on irrigation leachate samples collected during the sprouting stage revealed that most of the analyzed trace metals in the collected leachates exhibited 2-10 folds depletion (except for Cu and Co with enrichment of about 1.5-3 folds) compared to the initial wastewater used for irrigation. A situation attributed to uptake/bioaccumulation of these metals and selective enrichment in the residual soils as well as to leaching by infiltrating irrigation water. Nonetheless, the observed higher trace elements concentrations in the second sets of leachates collected during harvesting stage compared to the first sets of leachates collected during the sprouting/vegetative stage is an indication of higher plant uptake during sprouting/vegetative stage or initial sorption/complexation of biosolids amendment before later vertical re-mobilization by infiltrating irrigation water.Although, virtually all of the analyzed metals exhibited elevated concentrations (2-173 ppm) in both A. hybridus and A. esculentus, a closer evaluation revealed 1.2-8.2 folds enrichment of Cr, Co, Ni, Cd, Cu, and Pb in A. esculentus compared to that of A. hybridus, an indication of the fact that phyto-accumulation of trace metal is plant-specific and dependent on physiological set-up. The overall evaluation had clearly demonstrated the potential danger of bioaccumulation of toxic trace metals under biosolid amended soils as well as impacts of irrigation-induced leaching on the shallow groundwater quality, while the need to evolve a sustainable agricultural practices is also highlighted.

Capsule

Organo-mineral amendment can lead to trace metal bioaccumulation (in plants) and irrigation-induced leaching to shallow groundwater system.     

滇西南蔗区新有害生物-阔叶丰花草

近年来，临沧市部分蔗地发现一种新杂草，经实地调查和查阅相关资料，结果表明该物种是原产于南美洲热带地区，现已入侵广东南部、海南、香港、台湾、福建南部和浙江温岭一带的茜草科新归化种阔叶丰花草（Spermoce latifolia Aubl.），该杂草尚未受到足够的重视。在对其入侵路径及危害、形态特征及消长规律进行归纳的基础上，重点提出了防控建议和防除措施。     

中原农耕文化对河南企业文化建设思想的影响

从中原农耕文化的角度将中原文化与企业文化结合在一起,对塑造河南企业文化的影响思想进行了分析。     

利用随机网络模型和CT数字图像预测近饱和土壤水分特征曲线

通过对连续土壤切片CT图像的分析,定量获取了土壤孔隙的大小分布情况。在此基础上建立了基于土壤孔隙形态学特征的随机网络模型,在孔隙尺度模拟了土壤中的水分运动过程,并预测了近饱和土壤水分特征曲线。结果表明,通过选取合适的模型参数,基于土壤孔隙形态学特征建立的随机网络模型可以模拟出与土壤样本实测值非常接近的水分特征曲线,可以作为一种快速测量的方法。     

符合可持续发展的住区水景

住宅产业的快速发展,带动了水景住区的建设。水景住区正成为市场和社会关注的焦点。但是,由于水资源的日益紧张、水污染加剧、水质下降、水资源循环遭到破坏等,如何保持住区水环境的可持续发展已经成为迫切需要解决的问题。     

五种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎和仔鱼的毒性效应

在水温27.5℃、盐度29条件下,研究了Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼胚胎发育和初孵仔鱼的影响。结果表明:重金属在胚胎发育过程中引起各种畸形,如胚胎尾巴弯曲、初孵仔鱼不能出膜、胚胎死亡等;胚胎和初孵仔鱼上出现黑色颗粒,初孵仔鱼脊柱弯曲成L、V、S形或尾部没有展开呈逗号状,褶皱边缘被破坏等畸形。Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+和Pb2+5种重金属均延迟胚胎发育速率。综合孵化率、胚胎畸形和仔鱼畸形率等指标得出5种重金属对胚胎的毒性大小依次为Cu2+>Cd2+>Zn2+>Pb2+>Cr6+。计算了5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼的LC50和安全浓度,得出5种重金属对早繁鮸鱼初孵仔鱼毒性大小顺序为:Cu2+>Cd2+>Pb2+>Zn2+>Cr6+。     

Physical activation of biochar and its meaning for soil fertility and nutrient leaching – a greenhouse experiment

The slow alteration of the surface of charred biomass (biochar) over time may contribute to an improved nutrient retention and thus fertility of tropical soils. Here, we investigated soils from temperate climates and investigated whether a technical steam activation of biochar could accelerate its positive effects on nutrient retention and uptake by plants relative to nonactivated biochar. To this aim, we performed microcosm experiments with sandy or silty soil, mixed with 2.0, 7.5 and 15.0 g/kg soil of fine (<2 mm) or coarse‐sized (2–10 mm) biochar from beech wood (Fagus sp.). After initial fertilizer (NPK), ashes and excess nutrients were leached with water, and the microcosms were planted for 142 days with Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum ssp. italicum). Thereafter, leachate, soil and plant samples were analysed for their nutrient contents. The results showed that biochar additions of ≤15 g/kg soil left elevated contents of available P and N in the surface soil but reduced their uptake into the plants. As a result, total biomass production was unchanged. Different particle size and application amounts influenced these findings only marginally. Nitrate leaching was enhanced in the sandy soil (+41% for nitrate, but reduced in the silty soil ?17%) and P was immobilized. Hence, the fertility of the temperate soils under study was only marginally affected by pure biochar amendments. Steam activation, however, almost doubled the positive effects of biochars in all instances, thus being an interesting option for future biochar applications.     

Soil Potassium Indices and Clay‐Sized Particles affecting Banana‐Wilt Expression Caused by Soil Fungus in Banana Plantation Development on Transported Volcanic Soils

Abstract

Relations among the expression of banana disease symptoms caused by the soil fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense, soil potassium (K)–sodium (Na) properties [soluble K‐Na ratios (SK/SS), potential buffering capacity for K (KBC), potassium adsorption ratio (KAR)], and clay‐sized particles were evaluated in Sorribas plots from the Canary Islands. Soils were sampled in areas of Sorribas where banana plants show positive or negative wilting symptoms characteristic of Panama disease. The Bartoli method was used for soil dispersion (Na resin). This method was able to show a clear separation between diseased and disease‐free areas by the amount of clay‐sized particles. Results also show that the greatest SK/SS ratios and clay‐sized particles in soils from diseased areas could explain the increase of water‐stable aggregate mass in these soils and the release of available iron (Fe) to soil solution in diseased areas, at least in Sorribas cultivated soils under the arid climate conditions of the Canary Islands.     

苦水玫瑰产地土壤重金属污染评价与溯源解析

探明特色农产品产地土壤重金属污染特征及其污染来源可促进特色农作物产业的健康有序发展,对于助力乡村振兴和发展乡村特色产业具有重要意义。该研究以苦水玫瑰产地土壤为研究对象,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法、污染负荷指数法和改进物元可拓模型来量化土壤重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn的污染水平并进行对比分析,还利用正定因子矩阵模型(positive matrix factorization, PMF)进行土壤重金属溯源解析。结果表明:1)研究区土壤除Hg和Cr的均值低于兰州市和甘肃省土壤背景值之外,其余As、Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的均值都高于二者的背景值,但所有元素的测定值均低于《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)(GB 15 618-2018)》(pH值大于7.5)的筛选值。2)内梅罗综合污染指数和污染负荷指数分别处于0.71～2.02和0.64～1.48之间,均值为1.41和1.17,土壤总体上为轻度污染。改进物元可拓模型评价结果显示研究区土壤总体上处于尚清洁状态,与内梅罗综合污染指数与污染负荷指数评价结果基本一致,但改进物元可拓模型的评价结果更具有实际指导意...     

林火对长白山自然保护区风灾区土壤性质的影响

以2012年长白山国家级自然保护区西坡风灾区森林火灾为研究背景，采用常规土壤分析方法研究了不同火烧强度下土壤理化性质的变化情况．结果表明：火烧后土壤容重和土壤含水率随火烧强度的增强显著下降；0～6cm土壤pH，土壤有机质，土壤全C、全N、速效P、速效K质量分数经轻度和中度火烧后均呈显著增加趋势；在火烧强度因子的控制下，对各养分质量分数进行的偏相关分析显示，除土壤pH外，其他各养分间存在显著的相关性．