Community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Robinia pseudoacacia in uncontaminated and heavy metal contaminated soils

The significance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in soil remediation has been widely recognized because of their ability to promote plant growth and increase phytoremediation efficiency in heavy metal (HM) polluted soils by improving plant nutrient absorption and by influencing the fate of the metals in the plant and soil. However, the symbiotic functions of AMF in remediation of polluted soils depend on plant–fungus–soil combinations and are greatly influenced by environmental conditions. To better understand the adaptation of plants and the related mycorrhizae to extreme environmental conditions, AMF colonization, spore density and community structure were analyzed in roots or rhizosphere soils of Robinia pseudoacacia. Mycorrhization was compared between uncontaminated soil and heavy metal contaminated soil from a lead–zinc mining region of northwest China. Samples were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) screening with AMF-specific primers (NS31 and AM1), and sequencing of rRNA small subunit (SSU). The phylogenetic analysis revealed 28 AMF group types, including six AMF families: Glomeraceae, Claroideoglomeraceae, Diversisporaceae, Acaulosporaceae, Pacisporaceae, and Gigasporaceae. Of all AMF group types, six (21%) were detected based on spore samples alone, four (14%) based on root samples alone, and five (18%) based on samples from root, soil and spore. Glo9 (Rhizophagus intraradices), Glo17 (Funneliformis mosseae) and Acau3 (Acaulospora sp.) were the three most abundant AMF group types in the current study. Soil Pb and Zn concentrations, pH, organic matter content, and phosphorus levels all showed significant correlations with the AMF species compositions in root and soil samples. Overall, the uncontaminated sites had higher species diversity than sites with heavy metal contamination. The study highlights the effects of different soil chemical parameters on AMF colonization, spore density and community structure in contaminated and uncontaminated sites. The tolerant AMF species isolated and identified from this study have potential for application in phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated areas.     

Drought Tolerance and Water Use of Cereal Crops: A Focus on Sorghum as a Food Security Crop in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) faces twin challenges of water stress and food insecurity – challenges that are already pressing and are projected to grow. Sub‐Saharan Africa comprises 43 % arid and semi‐arid area, which is projected to increase due to climate change. Small‐scale, rainfed agriculture is the main livelihood source in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA. Because rainfed agriculture constitutes more than 95 % of agricultural land use, water scarcity is a major limitation to production. Crop production, specifically staple cereal crop production, will have to adapt to water scarcity and improved water productivity (output per water input) to meet food requirements. We propose inclusion and promotion of drought‐tolerant cereal crops in arid and semi‐arid agro‐ecological zones of SSA where water scarcity is a major limitation to cereal production. Sorghum uniquely fits production in such regions, due to high and stable water‐use efficiency, drought and heat tolerance, high germplasm variability, comparative nutritional value and existing food value chain in SSA. However, sorghum is socio‐economically and geographically underutilized in parts of SSA. Sorghum inclusion and/or promotion in arid and semi‐arid areas of SSA, especially among subsistence farmers, will improve water productivity and food security.     

常利率通货膨胀下有扰动的双复合Poisson-Geometric过程的两险种风险模型

考虑常利率及通货膨胀下有扰动的双复合Poisson-Geometric过程的两险种风险模型,运用鞅方法得到破产概率满足的Lundberg不等式和一般公式,当保费和索赔服从指数分布和混合指数分布时,得到破产概率的精确表达式。     

湘西不同植被类型土壤重金属分布及相关性研究

【目的】探讨湘西地区不同植被下土壤环境的状况,揭示土壤富集重金属元素的规律。【方法】以湖南湘西地区针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶林和灌木林4种森林土壤不同层次(0~15 cm和15~30 cm)的Cd、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn为研究对象,采用单因素分析法和主成分分析法分析重金属分布及相关性。【结果】不同植被下土壤中5种重金属含量的变异系数为0.18%~0.69%,由大到小的排列顺序为Cu>Zn>Ni>Pb>Cd。主成分分析表明Cu和Cd在PC1中有较大的荷载值,在PC2中有中等的荷载值。各因素相关性分析结果显示,灌木林土壤容重与Zn之间存在显著的负相关性,针叶林土壤容重与Cu之间存在显著的正相关性;灌木林土壤有机质与Cd之间有显著的正相关性,针叶林土壤pH值与Ni和Zn之间有显著的正相关性;针阔混交林土壤pH值与Pb、Cu和Ni之间存在显著的正相关性,灌木林土壤重金属含量之间的相关性较显著。【结论】湘西地区不同植被类型土壤重金属含量的垂直分布规律存在差异,表现为针阔混交林的上层土壤中重金属含量均低于下层土壤,常绿阔叶林的上层土壤中重金属含量均高于下层土壤,而针叶林和灌木林土壤中重金属含量无差异性变化;湘西地区土壤容重、有机质、坡度、pH值、土层厚度对Cd含量的影响较大,海拔对Pb、Ni和Cu的影响较大,坡度对Ni的影响较大;湘西地区灌木林中重金属来源相同的可能性相较于其他3种植被类型更大。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定普洱茶中9种金属元素含量

研究建立了普洱茶中9种金属元素含量的测定方法,样品经微波消解后,采用分子量相近原则选择45Sc、73Ge、115In、209Bi之一作为内标,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)同时测定普洱茶中铅、砷、镉、铬、锰、铜、锌、镍、硒的含量。检出限为0.0034~0.3100 mg/kg;在1.0~50.0 ng/mL线性范围内,相关系数为0.9991~1.0000;0.5、2.0、4.0 mg/kg 3个加标质量分数的平均回收率均在90.3%~107.9%之间,RSD均小于5%。该方法基质干扰小、灵敏度高、重复性好、定性和定量准确可靠,能满足普洱茶中多种金属元素的测定需求,可用于普洱茶的质量控制和安全评价。     

pH 值与金属离子浓度对多种果蔬植物色素的影响

从植物中提取的天然色素对pH值与金属离子浓度的敏感度不同,所受影响也不同。主要选取黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、柑桔皮色素、勾儿茶果、红雪茶色素,来测定pH值对它们的影响。选取,黄皮果皮色素、赤豆皮色素、勾儿茶果色素、红雪茶色素来测定金属离子浓度对他们的影响,从而探讨这些色素对pH值与金属离子的稳定性。     

施肥对灌漠土作物产量、土壤肥力与重金属含量的影响

有机物还田是提升土壤肥力的主要措施,但也存在造成土壤金属污染的潜在风险。为查明不同有机物还田对土壤质量及作物产量的影响,本文通过长期定位试验,研究了无肥对照、常规施化肥(氮磷配施)以及70%常规化肥与牛粪、沼渣、污泥、鸡粪、菌渣和猪粪配施对土壤理化性状、有机碳和氮的固存率、氮磷钾活化系数、作物产量及重金属含量的影响。结果表明:牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪与70%化肥配施虽作物产量与常规施化肥相似,但6种有机物处理土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量都较常规施化肥处理显著增加,污泥、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤全磷与速效磷含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,而且牛粪、沼渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理的速效钾、土壤磷活化系数和土壤钾活化系数较常规施化肥处理也显著提升。牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪处理土壤有机碳固存率为36.42%～71.61%,较常规施化肥处理都显著提高;而其氮固存率为6.47%～49.44%,仅有菌渣处理与常规施化肥处理差异不显著,而其他处理较常规施化肥处理显著增加。长期施鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤铜含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为4.17mg·kg~(-1)和14.2mg·kg~(-1);而污泥、鸡粪和菌渣处理的土壤锌含量较常规施化肥处理显著增加,增加量分别为13.53 mg·kg~(-1)、22.60 mg·kg~(-1)和49.73mg·kg~(-1)。综上,等有机质(4 500kg×hm~(-2))的牛粪、沼渣、污泥、菌渣、鸡粪和猪粪可替代30%氮磷肥,作物产量不受影响;不同有机物培肥土壤效果为污泥、鸡粪和猪粪优于牛粪和沼渣,而沼渣的培肥效果略差。为保证土壤环境质量稳定不恶化,种植小麦时有机物铜和锌的年携入量应分别低于53.01g×hm~(-2)和221.30 g×hm~(-2),而种植玉米时应分别低于153.40 g×hm~(-2)和347.04 g×hm~(-2)。     

Potato absorption and phytoavailability of Cd,Ni, Cu,Zn and Pb in sierozem soils amended with municipal sludge compost

Effects of sludge utilization on the mobility and phytoavailability of heavy metals in soil-plant systems have attracted broad attention in recent years. In this study, we analyzed the effects of municipal sludge compost(MSC) on the solubility and plant uptake of Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb in a soil-potato system to explore the mobility, potato plant uptake and enrichment of these five heavy metals in sierozem soils amended with MSC through a potato cultivation trial in Lanzhou University of China in 2014. Ridge regression analysis was conducted to investigate the phytoavailability of heavy metals in amended soils. Furthermore, CaCl_2, CH_3 COONH_4, CH_3COOH, diethylene triamine pentacetic acid(DTPA) and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) were used to extract the labile fraction of heavy metals from the amended soils. The results show that the MSC could not only improve the fertility but also increase the dissolved organic carbon(DOC) content of sierozem soils. The total concentrations and labile fraction proportions of heavy metals increase with increasing MSC percentage in sierozem soils. In amended soils, Cd has the highest solubility and mobility while Ni has the lowest solubility and mobility among the five heavy metals. The MSC increases the concentrations of heavy metals in the root, stem, peel and tuber of the potato plant, with the concentrations being much higher in the stem and root than in the peel and tuber. Among the five heavy metals, the bioconcentration factor value of Cd is the highest, while that of Ni is the lowest. The complexing agent(DTPA and EDTA) extractable fractions of heavy metals are the highest in terms of phytoavailability. Soil properties(including organic matter, p H and DOC) have important impacts on the phytoavailability of heavy metals. Our results suggest that in soil-potato systems, although the MSC may improve soil fertility, it can also increase the risk of soils exposed to heavy metals.     

定西于家山黄土洞穴的分布特征与侵蚀临界研究

黄土洞穴与滑坡、沟蚀等侵蚀过程联系紧密并加剧了黄土高原的水土流失程度,但目前黄土洞穴发育的分布特征与侵蚀临界暂未明晰。利用无人机获得了研究区高分辨率影像与数字表面模型,基于影像标识了黄土洞穴并统计了其土地利用类型与洞穴直径,利用标识点在数字表面模型上提取了黄土洞穴的坡度、坡向、曲率和汇水面积等地形数据并分析了黄土洞穴的分布特征。结果表明,黄土洞穴直径大多4 m。黄土洞穴在耕地上发育较少,多发育于牧草地区域流水汇聚的凹形坡,且在阴坡更为发育。同时,黄土洞穴坡度正切值范围集中于0.4～1.0,汇水面积一般不超过3 000 m~2。依托统计的坡度正切值与汇水面积数据绘制了黄土洞穴的侵蚀临界图并对比了黄土洞穴与浅沟、切沟的侵蚀临界。黄土洞穴的侵蚀临界边界分别为SA~(0.150)=0.368与SA~(0.135)=7.580,分布较广且覆盖了浅沟与切沟的侵蚀临界。浅沟、切沟的演化与黄土洞穴的发育有关,黄土洞穴通过连通与坍塌促进了浅沟、切沟的发育、转换与扩展,并因此加剧了黄土高原的水土流失。研究量化了黄土洞穴发育的分布特征,建立了黄土洞穴与浅沟、切沟的联系并深化了对黄土洞穴侵蚀过程的认识。