西部地区文冠果种群种子特征及主要化学成分的地理变化

通过野外实际调查和测定,对我国西部地区8个文冠果天然群体的种子特征及主要化学成分进行研究。结果表明:8个文冠果种群的种子横径为1.05～1.51cm,纵径为0.86～1.38cm,种形指数为1.07～1.32,种群间存在显著差异;陕西延安种群种子的千粒质量和出仁率均最大,分别为1108.4g和48.28%,显著高于甘肃和青海种群;8个种群的种仁含油率均在53%以上,且不同种群间差异显著;文冠果种仁油含有12种脂肪酸,其中含量最高的是亚油酸(40.90%～46.12%),其次是油酸(29.21%～31.25%);含有17种氨基酸(22.53%～27.58%),包括7种必需氨基酸,占总氨基酸的27.61%。相关分析结果表明:文冠果种形指数表现出明显的地理变化规律,随经度的增加,种形指数逐渐减小;种子千粒质量与4—9月份的降水量呈极显著正相关,与年平均温度呈显著正相关,与年干燥度呈显著负相关;种仁油含量随地理经度的减小而降低,与4—9月份的降水量呈显著正相关;种仁氨基酸含量与地理经度及无霜期相关性显著,随经度和无霜期的增加而增大,即东部地区氨基酸含量较高。     

热处理材的铣削加工性能分析

考察热处理对木材机械加工性能的影响,为优化热处理材的加工工艺提供借鉴,在本试验确定的加工参数条件下,对热处理柞木进行了铣削加工。试验结果表明,相比对照材,铣削加工热处理材时刀体的温度更低,在加工过程中排放的较小粒径粉尘的比例增加,热处理材加工面的粗糙度与对照材并没有显著差异。     

压缩-热处理联合改性对杨木尺寸稳定性的影响

为改善杨木质软、强度低的特点,同时提高其尺寸稳定性,首先对杨木试样进行压缩处理,再进行热处理,并检测压缩杨木和热处理压缩杨木的吸湿、吸水膨胀率.结果表明:压缩率愈大,压缩杨木试样厚度方向和体积膨胀率愈大;经热处理后,试样的尺寸稳定性明显提高.     

陕南油桐丰产经营技术

陕南是中国油桐第四大产区,栽培面积一直居全国前列。针对该区因经营管理技术而造成的桐子和桐油产量较低且难以提高问题,从选种造林、树体培养与管理、桐农间作、林地管理、施肥管理、病虫害防治和适时采收等方面,提出陕南油桐丰产经营综合技术。     

圆盘豆木材力学强度对高温热处理条件变化的响应

以过热蒸汽为传热介质和保护性气体,在热处理温度为160℃、180℃、200℃、220℃,热处理时间为2h、4h、6h、8h的条件下对圆盘豆木材进行高温热处理,研究圆盘豆木材在不同热处理条件下的力学性能变化规律。结果表明,随着热处理温度升高和热处理时间延长,圆盘豆热处理材抗弯强度降低;弹性模量在160℃时最高,然后降低;硬度的变化趋势不明显。红外光谱分析表明,热处理使木材中的半纤维素、纤维素、木素发生降解反应,导致木材力学强度降低。     

Effects of feeding roasted safflower seeds (variety IL-111) and fish oil on dry matter intake, performance and milk fatty acid profiles in dairy cattle

Safflower seed has the highest concentration of linoleic acid among 80 oilseeds but little information exists on the effective use of SS for lactation cows. It was hypothesised that a diet supplemented with an Iranian SS variety (IL-111) in combination with fish oil (FO) would result in higher concentrations of trans-18:1 (including vaccenic acid) and conjugated linoleic acids in milk fat than feeding an unsupplemented control diet. Our objective was to determine the effects of feeding diets containing: (i) Control: (C); (ii) 25 g of roasted SS IL-111 (RSS); (iii) 20 g FO and (iv) 25 g RSS + 10 g FO (RSS + FO) per kilogram of dietary DM on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, milk production and fatty acid profile. Eight multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design study. The experiment had four periods of 21 days. Milk Fat percentage was lower (p < 0.01) with FO supplementation and averaged 19.0 and 21.5 g/kg milk with FO and RSS + FO compared with 30.3 and 32.5 g/kg with C and RSS. Feed intake also was lower (p < 0.01) with FO vs. C (23.1 vs. 24.5 kg/day) but feeding RSS resulted in greater feed intake compared with other treatments (26 kg/day). Despite lower feed intake with FO, milk production did not change from controls but feeding RSS + FO resulted in greater milk yield than controls (42.6 vs. 39.3 kg/day). Ruminal pH was greater (p < 0.01) in cows fed FO than other treatments. Supplemental FO alone or in combination with RSS resulted in dramatic increases (p < 0.01) in c9,t11-18:2 in milk fat (12.7 and 13.2 g/day vs. 5.8 and 7.02 with C and RSS). It was surprising to note that 25 g/kg RSS can improve feed intake.     

Effects of α-lipoic acid, vitamins E and C upon the heat stress in Japanese quails

Antioxidant vitamins are commonly used as colorant, preventive, sweetener, nutritive and antioxidant materials in food industry. Thus, many studies have been conducted in recent years. We have performed the present study to understand the effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA), vitamin C and E, added into rations of Japanese quails, on chronic heat stress. This study was carried out in five groups as: control, stress, ALA, vitamin E and vitamin C groups. Heat stress is applied to all groups except the control group. Superficial pectoral muscles tissues were used for biochemical determinations. During the research, it is found that heat stress exerted undesired effects such as increasing lipid peroxidation (LPO) level indicating oxidative stress in Japanese quails. In addition, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzyme activities and glutathione (GSH) amounts were studied to understand the behaviour of defence mechanism. While stress increased LPO ratio, it was determined that all antioxidant added into the ration decreases LPO significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, it was determined that all of antioxidants added into ration effectively restored SOD activity and LPO ratio which heat stress affected negatively. Interestingly, vitamin C did not adjust GSH ratio in contrast to vitamin E and ALA, where vitamin E and C did not perform any positive effect on heat stress decreased CAT activity. Finally, it can be thought that antioxidant vitamins relatively ameliorated these undesired affects caused by stress factors given.     

3种含笑属植物叶片挥发油化学成分的比较研究

采用同时蒸馏萃取法(SDE)分别提取多脉含笑、绢毛含笑和黄兰3种含笑植物叶的挥发油,运用毛细管气相色谱-质谱联用法结合计算机检索对其挥发油进行了化学成分分析。实验结果表明,多脉含笑共鉴定出20种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的百分比为97.54%,主要成分为α-金合欢烯、β-橄榄烯、大根香叶烯B和朱栾倍半萜等;绢毛含笑共鉴定出36种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的百分比为98.47%,主要成分为橙花叔醇、α-蒎烯、β-芳樟醇和二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛等;黄兰鉴定出19种化合物,占挥发性物质总含量的95.93%,主要成分为大根香叶烯B、β-芳樟醇、罗勒烯、石竹烯、桉叶醇、β-榄香烯和异丁酸苯乙酯等;3种植物叶片挥发油主要成分含量差异较大。在3种含笑属植物叶中均含有很多高生物活性的物质,在香料工业及医药方面都有重要用途。     

补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响

本试验旨在研究补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪精饲料对驴产乳量和乳成分的影响。选择 ３～７岁的健康泌乳母驴 ３４头,设 Ａ（１２头）、Ｂ（１０头）和 Ｃ（１２头）３个区,共 ５个处理。所有驴饲喂基础饲粮。每个区均设对照组,各试验组驴分别补饲粗蛋白质水平为 ３１．４４％（试验 １组,Ａ区,４头）、粗脂肪水平为 ２５．７７％［２０％棉籽油（试验 ２组,Ａ区,４头）、２０％葵花籽油（试验 ３组,Ｂ区,５头）、２０％菜籽油（试验 ４组,Ｃ区,６头）］的试验精饲料 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ。预试期 １４ｄ,正试期１４ｄ。结果表明：１）除含 ２０％葵花籽油的试验精饲料外,其余试验精饲料采食量（＞１３００ｇ／ｄ）均达到预期的采食量,且未出现消化异常,表明所用精饲料适口性较好,驴对它们有较好的适应性;２）补饲含 ２０％棉籽油和含 ２０％菜籽油的试验精饲料均显著提高了驴日均产乳量（Ｐ＜０．０５）,驴日均产乳量可达 １．５ｋｇ／ｄ,而日均总泌乳量可达 ４ｋｇ／ｄ;３）补饲不同试验精饲料对乳成分无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）,驴乳中乳蛋白、乳糖、粗灰分含量较稳定,而乳脂含量变化非常大。总之,补饲高蛋白质、高脂肪的精饲料可提高驴产乳量,但对乳成分的影响不明显。