Incorporation of ridge and furrow method of rainfall harvesting with mulching for crop production under semiarid conditions

A plastic-covered ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting (PRFRH) system combined with mulches was designed to increase water availability to crops for improving and stabilizing agricultural production in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. The system was built by shaping the soil surface with alternate ridges and furrows along the contour. The plastic-covered ridges served as a rainfall harvesting zone and furrows as a planting zone. Some materials were also used to mulch the furrows to increase the effectiveness of the harvested water. This system can make better utilization of light rain by harvesting rainwater through the plastic-covered ridge. The field experiment (using corn as an indicator crop) showed that grain yields in the PRFRH system with mulches in 1998 and 1999 were significantly higher than the controls, with an increase of 4010–5297 kg per ha (108–143%). In most treatments, the water use efficiencies (WUE) were in excess of 2.0 kg m⁻³. The WUE values of corn in this system were 1.9 times greater than the controls in 1998 and 1.4 times greater than the controls in 1999. The plastic-covered ridge led to a yield increase of 3430 kg per ha (92%) in 1998 and of 1126 kg per ha (21%) in 1999 compared with the uncovered ridge. On average, the additional mulches in the furrow brought about a yield increase of 8–25%. Based on the results of this study and other researches, this technique can increase corn grain yield by 60–95% in drought and average years, 70–90% in wet years, and 20–30% in very wet years. The PRFRH system had the potential to increase crop yield and produced greater economic benefit, therefore it could be used in regions dominated by light rainfall of low intensity where crops generally fail due to water stress.     

跨区作业经济效益影响因素剖析

根据2004年跨区作业调查,计算了联合收割机跨区机收的经济效益,并着重指出了跨区作业经济效益下降的实际问题;通过深入分析其中的原因,指出影响跨区作业经济效益的两大主要因素,是信息系统不完善和散机的无序流动。     

中南地区甜玉米丰产栽培技术

本文从土地选择、品种选择、怖种与育苗、田间管理、病虫害防治、适时收获等六个方面,总结了中南地区甜玉米的丰产栽培技术.     

河北省利用秸秆发电的现状研究

随着世界经济的发展,资源的短缺和环境的恶化成为各国关注的目标,同时解决这两个问题的一个有效方法是利用秸秆发电.河北省结合本地区经济发展情况和秸秆产出量与利用情况,首先在晋州市建立了秸秆发电厂.为此,阐述了秸秆发电的工作原理及其工作流程,分析了该地区建厂的可行性,进行了投资回收期和收益率的分析.最后得出了在晋州建立秸秆发电厂的可行性结论,为今后我国在各个地区建立秸秆发电厂提供了可靠的理论和数据依据.     

黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械现状及发展

长期以来,我国的草种采集(收获)主要依靠手工作业,生产效率低、损失大、成本高、质量差,由此造成的草种产量不足,影响了人工草地种植面积,同时草种质量不高影响了牧草质量。要从根本上解决这些问题,必须实现牧草种子收获机械化。为此,简要介绍了黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械的现状,分析了黑龙江省牧草种子收获机械落后的原因,比较了各种牧草种子收获机械的综合性能,提出了黑龙江省发展牧草种子收获机械的措施。     

小麦跨区作业信息需求分析

根据2005年小麦跨区作业调研的结果,分析了机手的基本情况、跨区作业过程中的信息需求、信息获取方式、信息获取渠道等。建议建立一个短信息系统网络,通过手机短信来发送与传递信息,引导跨区作业可持续发展。     

北固山湿地野生虉草生物量的研究

对北固山湿地野生虉草的株高、茎高、叶龄、生物量等进行了研究,结果表明,虉草的株高和茎高的变化呈现出近“S”型的生长曲线,叶龄与株高和茎高均呈一元线性显著的正相关关系,生物量的变化与生育期关系密切。     

秸秆覆盖对季节性冻融期土壤水分特征的影响

以北方高寒区典型城市哈尔滨市为研究区域,通过冬季大田试验(试验周期2013-11-01—2014-04-30),设置自然无覆盖、覆盖秸秆厚度5、10、15 cm 4个处理,分别测定不同处理下20、40、60、100、140、180 cm深度土壤液态含水率以及气象数据,分析季节性冻融期秸秆覆盖对土壤水分变化特征的影响。研究结果表明:秸秆覆盖使0~60cm土层内液态含水率增加或减小的时间拐点发生延迟,随着秸秆覆盖厚度的增加其延迟效果越明显,但土壤冻结期的延迟效果比冻土融化期明显;秸秆覆盖阻碍了冻土融化初期融雪水入渗,使自然无覆盖处理液态含水率在20、40、60 cm土壤深度出现短暂的峰值,而在冻土融化末期秸秆覆盖抑制了土壤水蒸发,使各秸秆覆盖处理液态含水率在20、40、60 cm土壤深度又高于自然无覆盖。秸秆覆盖可有效平抑冻融期0~60 cm土层土壤液态含水率的变化幅度,且随着土壤深度的增加其平抑效果具有减弱趋势;积雪融水和秸秆覆盖的双重作用能够有效增加土壤墒情,但其增墒能力随着土壤深度的增加而降低,不同秸秆覆盖处理对0~60 cm土层的平均增墒能力由大到小排序依次为:15、10、5 cm。     

汤河水库分期汛限水位方案效益分析

水库汛期的蓄水担负着城市供水、工农业供水、发电等兴利任务。科学合理地优化水库分期汛限水位,是保障水库供水量和防洪安全的有效手段。以汤河水库为研究对象,提出水库分期汛限水位优化方案,并对调整分期汛限水位后水库增容产生的效益进行分析。     

Late nitrogen fertilization affects carbohydrate mobilization in wheat

An experiment was carried out to determine how the late application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer affects the use of pre‐anthesis carbon reserves during the grain‐filling period of pot‐grown wheat with no water shortage. Increasing doses (equivalent to 0, 140, and 180 kg N ha^–1) of N fertilizer were applied, either in two amendments (stages GS20 and GS30) or in three amendments (stages GS20, GS30, and GS37, according to Zadoks scale). The management of fertilizer by combining an increased N rate with late N application was able to stimulate canopy development, to raise photosynthetic capacity and carbohydrate accumulation during the vegetative stages, and to increase grain yield. Based on the dynamics of carbohydrate accumulation in the ear, three phases were differentiated during the grain‐filling period, whose temporary pattern remained stable regardless of the fertilizer management. The net remobilization of carbohydrates started 12 d after anthesis from the leaves and 28 d after anthesis from roots and stems. The increase of the N dose with late N application allowed on one hand a lower use of the pre‐anthesis carbon reserves in favor of greater de novo photosynthesis during the grain‐filling period, and on the other hand greater relative contribution of the leaf and ear C reserves to remobilization towards the grain. Further splitting the dose increased only the relative contribution of ear C reserves. The stem contribution seemed to be independent of N applied whereas the root contribution tended to diminish with late N application.