Comparison of the effects of salicylic acid and ethephon with virus-induced hypersensitivity and acquired resistance in tobacco

The induction of a hypersensitive reaction in Samsun NN tobacco by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) at 20°C leads to the development of both localized and systemic acquired resistance, and is associated with the appearance of pathogenesis-related proteins (PR's) and large increases in peroxidase activity and ethylene production. Salicylic acid (SA) induced a similar resistance in treated plant parts and occasionally also in untreated upper leaves of plants of which three lower leaves had been injected. SA also induced the same four PR's, but these were confined to the treated leaves. Thus, the connection between the presence of PR's and the reduction of TMV multiplication and spread may not be direct.In contrast to TMV, SA did not stimulate ethylene production and hardly increased peroxidase activity. Induction of acquired resistance and PR's by SA developed equally well at 20°C and at 32°C. However, pricking leaves with needles moistened with the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon mimicked TMV infection in inducing acquired resistance and PR's in both treated and untreated leaves at 20°C, but not at 32°C. Ethephon increased peroxidase activity at both temperatures, but only at 20°C dit it induce changes in both the anodic and the cathodic isoenzymes that were similar to those induced as a result of TMV infection. SA induced PR's and reduced TMV multiplication in Samsun tobacco, and inhibited virus spread in Samsun NN at 32°C.These observation indicate that neither the induction of PR's, nor the development of acquired resistance is temperature-sensitive. On the other hand, the effects of ethephon are temperature-sensitive in the same way as the hypersensitive response to TMV. It can thus be hypothesized that ethylene, produced naturally during the hypersensitive reaction of tobacco to TMV, leads to the temperature-sensitive synthesis or release of a presumably benzoic acid-type compound that functions as the natural inducer of PR's and acquired resistance. Although vanillic acid has been shown to accumulate in hypersensitively reacting tobacco leaves, it produced none of the effects of SA, and thus cannot be the natural inducer.Samenvatting Inductie van een overgevoeligheidsreactie in Samsun NN-tabak door tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV) bij 20°C leidt tot de ontwikkeling van een verworven resistentie die zowel lokaal als systemisch werkzaam is, en gaat samen met het verschijnen van pathogenesis-related proteins (PR's) en sterke toename in de activitieit van peroxidase en de produktie van ethyleen. Salicylzuur (SA) induceerde een vergelijkbare resistentie in behandelde plantedelen en af en toe ook in niet behandelde bovenbladeren van planten waarvan drie onderbladeren waren ingespoten. SA induceerde ook dezelfde vier PR's, maar deze waren beperkt tot de behandelde bladeren. Er bestaat dus geen directe samenhang tussen de aanwezigheid van PR's en de remming van de vermeerdering en uitbreiding van TMV in de plant.In tegenstelling tot TMV stimuleerde SA de ethyleenproduktie niet en verhoogde het de peroxidaseactiviteit nauwelijks. Inductie van verworven resistentie en PR's door SA trad even goed op bij 32°C als bij 20°C. Net als infectie met TMV leidde aanprikken van bladeren met naalden die gedoopt waren in een oplossing van ethefon — waaruit in het blad ethyleen vrijkomt — echter tot inductie van verworven resistentie en PR's in zowel behandelde als onbehandelde bladeren bij 20°C, maar niet bij 32°C. Ethefon verhoogde de peroxidaseactiviteit bij beide temperaturen, maar alleen bij 20°C induceerde het veranderingen in zowel de anodische als de kathodische isoënzymen die vergelijkbaar waren met die welke geïnduceerd werden als gevolg van infectie met TMV. SA induceerde PR's en verminderde de vermenigvuldiging van TMV in Samsun tabak, en remde de uitbreiding van het virus in Samsun NN bij 32°C.Deze waarnemingen tonen dat noch de inductie van PR's, noch de ontwikkeling van verworven resistentie een temperatuurgevoelig proces is. Daarentegen zijn de effecten van ethefon op dezelfde wijze temperatuurgevoelig als de overgevoeligheidsreactie op TMV. Men kan daarom veronderstellen dat ethyleen, dat op natuurlijke wijze geproduceerd wordt tijdens de overgevoeligheidsreactie van tabak op TMV, aanleiding geeft tot een temperatuurgevoelig proces, namelijk de synthese of het vrijkomen van een verbinding, vermoedelijk een benzoëzuurderivaat, dat fungeert als de natuurlijke inductor van PR's en verworven resistentie. Hoewel is aangetoond dat vanillinezuur zich ophoopt in overgevoelig reagerende tabaksbladeren, veroorzaakte deze verbinding geen enkel van de effecten van SA. Vanillinezuur kan dus niet de natuurlijke inductor zijn.     

The metabolism of R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] in rat hepatocyte suspensions

The metabolism of R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] by rat hepatocytes has been analyzed and compared with that of juvenile hormone I [methyl-(E,E)-cis-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-dimethyl-2,6-tridecadienoate] under identical conditions. The metabolism of R-20458 is characterized by the predominance of NADPH-dependent cytochrome P-450 and epoxide hydrolase reactions; whereas, JH I is metabolized mainly by carboxylesterase, epoxide hydrolase, and glutathione S-transferases. The metabolites of R-20458 have been shown to correspond to (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-hydroxyethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; (E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; (E)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene; and, (E)-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(4-acetylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene. The production of the α-hydroxyethyl, p-acetylphenoxy, and acetylphenoxy-6,7-diol metabolites is markedly inhibited by SKF 525-A. No dramatic effects are produced by diethylmaleate and 1,2-epoxy-3,3,3-trichloropropane.     

The effect of some Frescon analogs on the aquatic snail,Lymnaea stagnalis: II. Correlation of neurotoxicity to Molluscicidal effectiveness

Although the molluscicide Frescon is a strong neurotoxin to the Lymnaea stagnalis central nervous system in vitro, it is probable that the exposure of the whole animal to this molluscicide fails to result in central nervous system abnormalities: Frescon does not appear to reach the brain in sufficient quantity to disrupt its normal activity. However, only those Frescon analogs found to be neurotoxic were molluscicidal, suggesting some related mode, if not site, of action. Frescon and its analogs may act by affecting excitable tissues other than the nervous system (e.g., the snail musculature) by altering certain functional and/or structural membrane properties.     

Effects of chlordimeform on mitochondria from eggs of Spodoptera littoralis

Mitochondria were isolated from eggs of Spodoptera littoralis. With succinate (+pyruvate) as substrate, respiratory control ratios between 1.70 and 2.54 were obtained. Uncouplers and the energy transfer inhibitor oligomycin influenced these mitochondria in the well-known manner. The uncoupling activity of chlordimeform in vitro was very weak and decreased with increasing age of the eggs. Electron transport in mitochondria from chlordimeform-treated eggs was not uncoupled. Therefore, it is concluded that the ovicidal effect of this pesticide is not due to its uncoupling effect.     

The effect of phosphine on the absorption and circular dichroic spectra of cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase

The interaction of phosphine with purified cytochrome c and cytochrome oxidase was studied by absorption and circular dichroic spectrometry. Treatment of cytochrome oxidase with phosphine yielded absorption spectra in both the visible and Soret region that were similar to that produced by dithionite. Striking changes in the circular dichroic spectra were also recorded, sugesting that a valence change of the heme iron was accompanied by a conformation change of the prosthetic group.Phosphine treatment of cytochrome c also yielded spectra similar to those produced by reduction with dithionite suggesting a valence change of the heme iron. However, both the time necessary for complete reduction and the concentration of phosphine necessary for this effect suggest that, in comparison with cytochrome oxidase, cytochrome c was relatively insensitive. Reduction of cytochrome oxidase by phosphine had only a very minor effect on the intrinsic dichroic spectrum suggesting little effect on the polypeptide chains.The persistence of a component after reduction by phosphine and the subsequent reduction of this component by dithionite suggests that phosphine primarily reduced only one comonent of the cytochrome aa₃ complex. The failure of EDTA and fluoride, which are known ligands of cytochrome a₃ to affect the reduction of cytochrome aa₃ by phosphine, as well as the occurrence of a 436-nm isosbestic point of the ferric-ferrous absorption spectra suggests that phosphine reduced primarily cytochrome a. However, it is argued that a slow reduction of cytochrome a₃ cannot be ruled out.     

新疆退牧还草工程建设与管理的探讨

草地是发展畜牧业的重要基础,退牧还草工程是恢复、更新天然草地和保护生态环境的重要手段。本文就新疆实施退牧还草工程中所出现的一些问题进行了探讨。     

早熟春甘蓝新品种春冠的选育

春冠亲本之一493是将国外引进的资源96011、9502杂交后，经系统选育，采用露地越冬栽培加大耐先期抽薹性的选择强度选育出的自交不亲和系。另一亲本711是从国外引进的资源B-21经多代自交选育出的自交不亲和系。该品种耐寒，露地越冬不易先期抽薹，早熟，叶球尖桃形，肉质脆嫩，品质佳。单球质量1.5kg左右，每667m^2产量3500kg左右。在南方地区可露地越冬栽培，已在长江流域示范推广。     

香蕉ACC氧化酶基因(MAO3)的克隆及其表达特性分析

 根据同源扩增得到香蕉(Musa acuminata) ACC氧化酶基因(MAO3) 的核心部分, 再通过3'和5'RACE扩增上、下游序列以及Genome-Walker的方法得到启动子部分, 共获得3 718 bp长度的序列。将所得结果进行聚类分析, 发现香蕉中ACC氧化酶的氨基酸序列非常保守, 各序列间的同一性高达99% ,与单子叶植物和双子叶植物中ACC氧化酶的氨基酸序列的同源性在66.7%～71.8%之间。组织原位杂交试验表明MAO3基因的表达具有组织特异性, 初步认为是在韧皮部筛管组织中特异表达。运用实时荧光定量PCR技术, 实时监测到了MAO3基因和香蕉乙烯受体基因ERS2受机械伤诱导的定量变化。     

Prediction of breeding values for osseous fragments in fetlock and hock joints, deforming arthropathy in hock joints, and pathologic changes in the navicular bones of Hanoverian Warmblood horses

The results of a standardised radiological examination of 5928 Hanoverian Warmblood horses selected for sale at auction were used to predict relative breeding values (RBV) in the 23,662 horses included in the last four generations of the probands' pedigrees. The distribution of the RBV was investigated in the whole four-generation pedigree, in the probands and in those stallions that contributed at least three offspring to the probands. The RBV of the probands' sires were further compared with the officially published performance-based relative breeding values, i.e., total indices dressage (TID) and jumping (TIJ). The sires' level of dressage indices was considerably higher (mean TID=110) than of the jumping indices (mean TIJ=98). Total indices radiographic findings (TIR) were calculated for the sires with varying weighting given to the individual RBV. In each case, this resulted in a mean TIR of 99. Finally, total indices were derived from TIR and TID and/or TIJ in order to develop different selection schemes for all-purpose breeding and for breeding focused on dressage and show jumping. All breeding values under consideration increased by between 1% and 19% when radiographic findings were weighted with between 30% and 60% complementary to the corresponding performance parameters, and when only sires were selected with above average total indices. At the same time, the prevalences of the radiographic findings investigated here were lowered by up to 10% each. When only one radiographic finding was considered at a time, the maximum attainable response to selection was a 16-23% increase in the relative breeding values and a relative decrease in prevalences of radiographic findings of between 31% and 52%. The results of this study indicate that it is possible in horse breeding to consider simultaneously health and performance traits. Medical data should be included in the prediction of breeding values in order to improve the radiological status of today's riding horses.     

鸡肉质鲜味特性相关基因的克隆及序列分析

本研究对泰和乌骨鸡、隐性白羽肉鸡腺苷琥珀酸裂解酶基因的cDNA进行了克隆,并对序列进行了分析,共发现有6处碱基突变249 G→A(TH)、717 C→G(TH)、985 A→G(TH)仅在泰和乌骨鸡中出现;992 T→C(RW)、1400 C→T(RW)仅在隐性白羽肉鸡中出现;而在泰和乌骨鸡和隐性白羽肉鸡中均检测到突变1179 A→C(TH,RW).其中985 A→G(TH)、1400C→T(RW)处突变导致两处氨基酸突变Thr→Ala(305)、Ala→Val(443),其它4处碱基突变均为同义突变.另外对几种脊椎动物Adsl基因核苷酸序列水平、蛋白质水平同源性进行了比较分析.