Inorganic N analysis of soil extracts by automated and distillation procedures

Abstract

A comparison was made of automated procedures and steam distillation for analysis of NH₄ ⁺ and NO₃ ^‐ in KCl extracts of soils. Automated analysis of NH₄ ⁺ utilized the phenate‐hypochlorite reaction. Nitrate was analyzed by E. coli reduction of NO₃ ^‐ to NO₂‐which was then determined colorimetrically by reaction with sulfanilamide and napthylethylenediamine diHCl. Soil extracts were made with 1 M and 2 M KCl. Extracting with 1 M KCl was as effective as 2 M KCl. Extracts in 1 M KCl did not interfere with E. coli reduction of NO₃‐, but 2 M KCl did. The automated procedures when compared to distillation gave similar if not better precision and reduced variation particularly at low N concentrations. The automated procedure tended to give higher values at higher NO₃‐concentrations. Reduced time required for the analyses provided an additional advantage for the automated procedures.     

Determination of nitrite in soil extracts and water samples by a nitrogen oxide electrode

Abstract

Work to evaluate the Orion nitrogen oxide electrode indicated that this electrode can be used satisfactorily for determination of nitrite in soil extracts and water samples. The electrode method of analysis described is simple, rapid, and precise, and its results agree closely with those obtained by the colorimetric method of Griess‐Ilosvay. The electrode method has the advantage that its results are not affected by color or turbidity or by Cu²⁺ and Hg²⁺ present in samples under analysis     

种瓣及密度对大蒜产量的影响

采用二次正交通用旋转设计，进行了种辩大小与种植密度对大蒜产量影响的研究，建立了大蒜产量与种植密度及种瓣大小间的二元二次数学模型。通过模型解析得出，种植密度对产量的影响大于种瓣大小，但密度对单株产量的贡献为负值。通过计算机模拟试验，得出本试验条件下，获得３００００ｋｇ／ｈｍ２以上产量的种植密度为５２．９５～６３．４５万株／ｈｍ２、种瓣大小为４．９～７．０ｇ;;单株产量大于５０ｇ的种植密度为３４．０５～４．５５万株／ｈｍ２、种瓣大小４．９～７．０ｇ。     

The insecticidal and acaricidal actions of compounds fromAzadirachta indica (A. Juss.) and their use in tropical pest management

The pest control potential demonstrated by various extracts and compounds isolated from the kernels and leaves of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) seem to be of tremendous importance for agriculture in developing countries. Laboratory and field trial data have revealed that neem extracts are toxic to over 400 species of insect pests some of which have developed resistance to conventional pesticides, e.g. sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Diptera: Aleyrodidae), the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L. Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cattle ticks (Amblyomma cajennense F. Acarina: Ixodidae andBoophilus microplus Canestrini. Acarina: Ixodidae). The compounds isolated from the neem plant manifest their effects on the test organisms in many ways, e.g. as antifeedants, growth regulators, repellents, toxicants and chemosterilants. This review strives to assess critically the pest control potential of neem extracts and compounds for their use in the tropics. This assessment is based on the information available on the wide range of pests against which neem extracts and compounds have proven to be toxic, toxicity to non-target organisms, e.g. parasitoids, pollinators, mammals and fish, formulations, stability and phytotoxicity.     

中草药提取物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)的抑制作用研究

为了观察中草药对蜜蜂屎肠球菌（Entorococcus faecium）的体外抑菌效果，选用14种中草药按常规法制备水提物，用纸片法和试管二倍稀释法检测中草药水提物对蜜蜂屎肠球菌的抑菌作用。试验结果表明，所选14种中草药中9种对蜜蜂屎肠球菌有中度以上抑菌作用，其中大青叶的抑菌作用最强，其次是黄连、金银花、黄芪、黄芩、大黄、板篮根、淫羊藿和青蒿。     

苍耳等药用植物提取物对小菜蛾的拒食作用和产卵忌避效果

室内采用叶碟法,研究苍耳(Xanthium sibiricumPetril)等8种药用植物乙醇提取物对小菜蛾(Plutel-la xylostella)的拒食和产卵忌避活性。结果表明,苍耳(果实)、雷公藤(根)和商陆(根)乙醇提取物对小菜蛾4龄幼虫的取食均有较强的抑制作用,选择性拒食率分别为86.16%、49.06%和43.82%;非选择性拒食效果仍以苍耳(果实)提取物最好,达45.23%。选择性产卵忌避率以雷公藤(根)提取物为最高(69.52%),其次是苍耳(果实)和山苍树(枝叶)提取物,分别为62.50%和57.72%,雷公藤(根)、商陆(根)、窃衣(茎叶)和苍耳(果实)的非选择性产卵忌避作用均在77%以上。苍耳和雷公藤提取物在对小菜蛾的拒食和产卵忌避的各测试中,均表现较强活性。     

药用植物提取物对草莓灰霉病菌抑菌活性研究

用丙酮为溶剂提取7种药用植物材料粉末,得到提取物母液。采用生长速率法和叶片离体接菌法测试提取物对草莓灰霉病菌的室内抑菌作用。在供试的7种植物材料中,五味子对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,达到95.65%,其次为薏苡,抑菌率为91.30%,决明、酸浆的抑菌率均达到了85%以上。结合叶片离体接菌法的试验结果,认为五味子和酸浆可以作为重点进行深入研究。     

芸香科及樟科8种植物提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用

测试了芸香科及樟科8种植物的乙醇提取物对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵驱避作用,发现四季橘和沙田柚提取物对该虫产卵具有较高的驱避作用,选择性驱避率分别为84.26%、53.90%,非选择驱避率分别为90.14%、60.83%;而九里香提取物则对荔枝蒂蛀虫的产卵具有一定的引诱作用。对四季橘提取物用不同的溶剂初步分离后发现,氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物对该虫的驱避作用最高,分别为84.67%、86.63%,即其活性成分主要分布在氯仿层和乙酸乙酯层萃取物中。     

牡丹皮等16种中草药提取物抑制植物病原菌的研究

以牡丹皮等16种中草药的丙酮提取物为材料,测定了其对5种植物病原菌的生长抑制活性。结果表明:在供试质量浓度为0.05 g/mL时,牡丹皮提取物对所有供试病原菌菌丝生长抑制效果最好,除对杨树溃疡病菌菌丝生长抑制率为85.3%外,对其他植物病原菌的抑制率均为100%。高良姜提取物抑菌活性次之,对4种供试植物病原菌菌丝生长抑制率均在80%以上,对番茄灰霉病菌的抑制率最低,也达到68%。黄芩提取物对供试的3种植物病原菌的抑制率超过60%。连翘、知母、蔓荆、乳香和地榆等5种中药提取物分别对供试的5种植物病原菌中的2种有较好的抑菌活性。在供试质量浓度为0.1 g/mL时,牡丹皮、高良姜等2种中药提取物对杨树溃疡病菌孢子萌发抑制作用相当明显,抑制率均在80%以上;白花蛇舌草、乳香、川楝等3种中药提取物对杨树溃疡病菌孢子萌发抑制作用次之,抑制率均在60%以上。